New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropædia

19th century Abbasid Abū Arabic architecture areas bakufu became Byzantine caliph central centre Christian church classical court culture daimyo died divine dynasty early East economic Egypt emperor empire established European Fatimids French imperial important industry influence Iran Iraq Islām Islamic Islamic art island Israel Istanbul Italian Italy Italy's Jaina Japan Japanese Jerusalem Jewish Jews king kingdom Kyōto land language later leaders literary literature Lombard madrasah major Mamluk Mecca medieval Milan military modern Mosque movement Muḥammad Muslim mystical Naples northern Ottoman Palestine papacy papal party peninsula period Persian philosophy poems poetry poets political Pope popular pre-Islamic produced Prophet prose Qur'an reform regions religion religious Roman Rome rule rulers Seljuq Shari'ah Shi'ite Sicily social style sunnah Syria tion Tokugawa trade tradition trans Turkish Umayyad urban verses Western writing