Edward Markey

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Edward J. Markey
Image of Edward J. Markey

Democratic Party

Candidate, U.S. Senate Massachusetts

U.S. Senate Massachusetts
Tenure

2013 - Present

Term ends

2027

Years in position

11

Predecessor
Prior offices
Massachusetts House of Representatives
U.S. House Massachusetts District 5
Successor: Katherine Clark

Compensation

Base salary

$174,000

Net worth

(2012) $1,552,012.50

Elections and appointments
Last elected

November 3, 2020

Next election

November 3, 2026

Education

High school

Malden Catholic High School, MA

Bachelor's

Boston College

Law

Boston College Law School

Military

Service / branch

U.S. Army Reserve

Years of service

1968 - 1973

Personal
Profession
Attorney
Contact

Official website

Official Facebook

Official Twitter

Official Instagram

Official YouTube

Official TikTok

Campaign website

Campaign Facebook

Campaign Twitter

Campaign Instagram

Edward J. Markey (Democratic Party) is a member of the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts. He assumed office on July 16, 2013. His current term ends on January 3, 2027.

Markey (Democratic Party) is running for re-election to the U.S. Senate to represent Massachusetts. He declared candidacy for the 2026 election.[source]

Markey previously was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts' 5th Congressional District. Markey was first elected to the House in a 1976 special election replacing Rep. Tobert Macdonald after his death.[1] Markey also previously served Massachusetts' 7th congressional district, but due to 2010 redistricting he represented district 5 until he won his Senate seat.[2]

Prior to his election to the House, Markey served in the United States Military Reserves from 1968-1973. Markey is also a co-president of Parliamentarians for Nuclear-Nonproliferation and Disarmament, a nonpartisan forum designed to enhance discussions on legislation for nuclear disarmament. During his time as a senator and house representative, he pressed Congress to reduce the nuclear weapons budget so that funds could be diverted towards other sectors, such as education.[3]

Biography

Markey was born on July 11, 1946, in Malden, MA. After earning his bachelor's degree, Markey joined the U.S. Army Reserve. A year after earning his J.D., Markey entered politics as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Career

Below is an abbreviated outline of Markey's academic, professional, and political career:[4]

Committee assignments

U.S. Senate

2023-2024

Markey was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2021-2022

Markey was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2019-2020

Markey was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Markey was assigned to the following committees:[5]

2015-2016

Markey served on the following committees:[6]

2013-2014

Markey served on the following committees:[7][8]

  • Commerce, Science, and Transportation
    • Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet
    • Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion
    • Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
    • Subcommittee on Science and Space
    • Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
  • Environment and Public Works
  • Foreign Relations
    • Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
    • Subcommittee on European Affairs
    • Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs and International Environmental Protection, and Peace Corps - Chair
  • Small Business and Entrepreneurship

U.S. House

2013

2011-2012

Markey was a member of the following House committees:[9][10]

Elections

2026

See also: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2026

Note: At this time, Ballotpedia is combining all declared candidates for this election into one list under a general election heading. As primary election dates are published, this information will be updated. Before the candidate filing deadline passes, Ballotpedia will separate these candidates into their respective primaries as appropriate.

General election

The general election will occur on November 3, 2026.

General election for U.S. Senate Massachusetts

Incumbent Edward J. Markey is running in the general election for U.S. Senate Massachusetts on November 3, 2026.

Candidate
Image of Edward J. Markey
Edward J. Markey (D)

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Endorsements

Ballotpedia is gathering information about candidate endorsements. To send us an endorsement, click here.

2020

See also: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2020

United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2020 (September 1 Democratic primary)

United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2020 (September 1 Republican primary)

General election

General election for U.S. Senate Massachusetts

Incumbent Edward J. Markey defeated Kevin O'Connor and Shiva Ayyadurai in the general election for U.S. Senate Massachusetts on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Edward J. Markey
Edward J. Markey (D)
 
66.2
 
2,357,809
Image of Kevin O'Connor
Kevin O'Connor (R) Candidate Connection
 
33.0
 
1,177,765
Image of Shiva Ayyadurai
Shiva Ayyadurai (R) (Write-in) Candidate Connection
 
0.6
 
21,134
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.2
 
7,428

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 3,564,136
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Massachusetts

Incumbent Edward J. Markey defeated Joseph Kennedy III in the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Massachusetts on September 1, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Edward J. Markey
Edward J. Markey
 
55.4
 
782,694
Image of Joseph Kennedy III
Joseph Kennedy III
 
44.5
 
629,359
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.1
 
1,935

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 1,413,988
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. Senate Massachusetts

Kevin O'Connor defeated Shiva Ayyadurai in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate Massachusetts on September 1, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Kevin O'Connor
Kevin O'Connor Candidate Connection
 
59.7
 
158,590
Image of Shiva Ayyadurai
Shiva Ayyadurai Candidate Connection
 
39.4
 
104,782
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.8
 
2,245

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 265,617
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Libertarian primary election

No Libertarians filed for this race. Vermin Supreme ran as a write-in and received 27 votes. He did not receive enough votes to make the general election ballot.


2014

See also: United States Senate elections in Massachusetts, 2014

Markey ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate in 2014. He ran unopposed in the Democratic primary on September 9, 2014. He defeated Republican nominee Brian Herr in the general election on November 4, 2014.[11] The Cook Political Report considered the seat safe for Democrats.[12]

U.S. Senate, Massachusetts General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngEd Markey Incumbent 59% 1,289,944
     Republican Brian Herr 36.2% 791,950
     Write-in Other 0.1% 3,078
     Blank None 4.7% 101,819
Total Votes 2,186,791
Source: Massachusetts Secretary of State Official Results

2013

See also: United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2013

Markey won election to the United States Senate seat vacated by John Kerry, after his confirmation by the U.S. Senate to Secretary of State.[13][14]

Markey won the nomination in the Democratic primary on April 30, 2013, defeating challenger Stephen Lynch. The general election was held on June 25, 2013.[15] He defeated Gabriel Gomez and Richard Heos (I) in the general election to win the seat.[16]

U.S. Senate, Massachusetts Special General Election, 2013
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngEd Markey 54.9% 645,429
     Republican Gabriel Gomez 44.7% 525,307
     Twelve Visions Party Richard Heos 0.4% 4,550
Total Votes 1,175,286
Source: Election Results from Massachusetts Elections Division

Endorsements

  • American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees Council 93
"When it comes to fighting for the middle class and securing adequate federal funding for the essential public services that Massachusetts needs and we provide, we know we can always count on Ed Markey."[17]
  • Markey's campaign released a list of over 100 state politicians on April 25, 2013.[18]
The list included House Speaker Robert DeLeo, Attorney General Martha Coakley and Treasurer Steven Grossman.[18] It also included 17 state senators, 63 state representatives and 18 mayors – including all the mayors and state legislators in the 5th Congressional District, which Markey represents.[18]
  • On April 27, 2013, Caroline Kennedy announced her endorsement for Markey.
In a press-release Markey stated, "I'm so proud to have the support of Caroline Kennedy, a friend and passionate advocate for our children, families, and seniors. I share Caroline's commitment to taking on big fights for the people of Massachusetts, and in the Senate I will fight to defend President Obama's historic health care reform law, protect a woman's right to choose, and ensure all people have access to the opportunities to succeed in the 21st century."[19]

2012

See also: Redistricting in Massachusetts and United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, 2012

Markey ran for re-election in 2012. He was redistricted and sought re-election in the 5th Congressional District of Massachusetts. He faced no opposition in the Democratic primary on September 6, 2012.[20]

U.S. House, Massachusetts District 5 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngEd Markey Incumbent 70.7% 257,490
     Republican Tom Tierney 22.8% 82,944
     N/A All Others 0.2% 675
     N/A Blank Votes 6.3% 23,092
Total Votes 364,201
Source: Massachusetts Secretary of State "Return of Votes"

Full history


Campaign themes

2026

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

Candidate Connection

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Twitter


2020

Edward J. Markey did not complete Ballotpedia's 2020 Candidate Connection survey.

2012

On his campaign website, Markey listed 12 issues.[39]

  • Civil Rights

Excerpt: "Ed Markey believes in an America that fully respects and protects the civil rights guaranteed by our Constitution, and which does not discriminate against any person on the basis of race, national origin, religion, sex, or sexual orientation."

  • Economic Development

Excerpt: "Ed Markey understands that one of the most important roles the federal government can play is that of economic engine, leveraging public with private funds to revitalize urban and suburban areas. From his earliest days as a member of Congress, Ed Markey has worked tirelessly to secure targeted economic development dollars for downtown redevelopment and other projects important to the communities in the 7th District."

  • Energy Independence
Ed Markey, "Markey: GOP Wants No More Clean Energy Solutions"

Excerpt: "An environmental champion, Ed Markey has provided pioneering leadership in protection our environment, in the fight against global warming and in creating a roadmap for energy independence in the United States."

  • Health

Excerpt: "Ed Markey believes that all Americans deserve access to high quality healthcare and is committed to making universal healthcare a reality."

  • Homeland Security

Excerpt: "In 2003, the House of Representatives established the Select Committee on Homeland Security, and Ed Markey was chosen by the leadership to serve on this important new panel. His appointment reflected years of work he had undertaken prior to September 11, 2001, to try to increase terrorism preparedness at critical infrastructure such as nuclear power plants and LNG facilities."

  • Human Rights

Excerpt: "Ed Markey believes that America's foreign policy should respect and uphold internationally-recognized principles of human rights. Our country has an important leadership role to play in providing hope to those around the world who are denied the right to vote in free and fair elections, the right to organize politically, the right of citizens to engage in political dissent and peaceful protest."

  • Immigration

Excerpt: "As the grandson of Irish immigrants, Ed Markey appreciates how America has, generation after generation, renewed itself by assimilating new immigrants into this great country. America continues to draw strength, vitality, and energy every day from a process of assimilating cultures, religions, and ethnic backgrounds of every kind from around the world."

  • Nuclear Weapons

Excerpt: "Ed Markey believes that it should be a paramount concern of the nations of the world that we reduce and ultimately eliminate nuclear weapons from the face of the planet."

  • Privacy

Excerpt: "Ed Markey is one of the most vigorous champions of consumer privacy protection in Congress."

  • Telecommunications

Excerpt: "Ed Markey is the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet and has served on that panel since his first election in 1976. In this capacity, Ed has worked on every major telecommunications law passed in the last 30 years."

  • Veterans

Excerpt: "Ed Markey believes that the VA was created to serve all veterans, not just those veterans it can "afford" to serve. All veterans, regardless of income, have earned the right to high-quality health care services."

  • War in Iraq

Excerpt: "But as we now know, the Bush Administration never cared whether or not there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. The fact that Saddam Hussein is gone is good. But it was not worth a single American life to invade Iraq since Saddam Hussein did not have an active nuclear weapons program."[39]

Notable endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section displays endorsements this individual made in elections within Ballotpedia's coverage scope.

Notable candidate endorsements by Edward J. Markey
EndorseeElectionStageOutcome
Kamala D. Harris  source  (D, Working Families Party) President of the United States (2024) PrimaryLost General
Peter Franchot  source  (D) Governor of Maryland (2022) PrimaryLost Primary
Jessica Cisneros  source  (D) U.S. House Texas District 28 (2022) Primary RunoffLost Primary Runoff
Elizabeth Warren  source President of the United States (2020) Withdrew in Convention
Hillary Clinton  source  (D) President of the United States (2016) PrimaryLost General
Notable ballot measure endorsements by Edward J. Markey
MeasurePositionOutcome
Massachusetts Question 1, Tax on Income Above $1 Million for Education and Transportation Amendment (2022)  source SupportApproved
Massachusetts Question 2, Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2020)  source SupportDefeated

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023

The 118th United States Congress began on January 3, 2023, at which point Republicans held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-212), and Democrats held the majority in the U.S. Senate (51-49). Joe Biden (D) was the president and Kamala Harris (D) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023
Vote Bill and description Status
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (87-13)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (87-11)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (88-9)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (63-36)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (68-23)
Red x.svg Nay Red x.svg Failed (50-49)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (50-46)


Key votes: Previous sessions of Congress

Campaign finance summary

Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

Edward J. Markey campaign contribution history
YearOfficeStatusContributionsExpenditures
2026* U.S. Senate MassachusettsCandidacy Declared general$2,475,227 $2,288,516
2020U.S. Senate MassachusettsWon general$14,466,754 $15,051,879
2014U.S. Senate (Massachusetts)Won $18,624,052 N/A**
2012U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 5)Won $1,091,666 N/A**
2010U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $1,535,340 N/A**
2008U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $1,454,661 N/A**
2006U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $942,520 N/A**
2004U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $2,840,650 N/A**
2002U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $688,471 N/A**
2000U.S. House (Massachusetts, District 7)Won $591,089 N/A**
** Data on expenditures is not available for this election cycle
Note: Totals above reflect only available data.

Personal Gain Index

Congressional Personal Gain Index graphic.png
See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives
Net Worth Metric graphic.png

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Markey's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $883,025 and $2,221,000. That averages to $1,552,012.50, which is lower than the average net worth of Democratic senators in 2012 of $13,566,333.[181] Between 2004 and 2012, Markey's calculated net worth[182] increased by an average of 5 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[183]

Ed Markey Yearly Net Worth
YearAverage Net Worth
2004$1,096,325
2012$1,552,012
Growth from 2004 to 2012:42%
Average annual growth:5%[184]
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[185]

The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Markey received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Lawyers/Law Firms industry.

From 1989-2014, 30.06 percent of Markey's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[186]

Donation Concentration Metric graphic.png
Edward Markey Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $29,645,252
Total Spent $26,111,014
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms$3,280,944
Securities & Investment$1,754,156
TV/Movies/Music$1,584,698
Lobbyists$1,227,108
Real Estate$1,063,234
% total in top industry11.07%
% total in top two industries16.98%
% total in top five industries30.06%

Ballot measure activity

The following table details Markey's ballot measure stances available on Ballotpedia:

Ballot measure support and opposition for Edward Markey
Ballot measure Year Position Status
Massachusetts Question 1, Tax on Income Above $1 Million for Education and Transportation Amendment (2022) 2022 Supported[187]
Approveda Approved

Analysis

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Markey was a moderate Democratic leader as of July 22, 2014. This was the same rating Markey received in June 2013.[188]

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[189]

Markey most often votes with:

Markey least often votes with:


Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Markey missed 19 of 763 roll call votes from July 2013 to September 2015. This amounts to 2.5 percent, which is worse than the median of 1.6 percent among current senators as of September 2015.[190]

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Markey paid his congressional staff a total of $1,229,246 in 2011. He ranked 4th on the list of the highest paid Democratic representative staff salaries and ranked 4th overall of the highest paid representative staff salaries in 2011. Overall, Massachusetts ranked 2nd in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.[191]

National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year, National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted, as compared to other members, in the previous year. More information about the analysis process can be found on the vote ratings page.

2013

Markey was not ranked in 2013.[192]

2012

According to the data released in 2013, Markey ranked 15th in the liberal rankings in 2012.[193]

2011

According to the data released in 2012, Ed Markey ranked 41st in the liberal rankings in 2011.[194]

Voting with party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Markey voted with the Democratic Party 90.3 percent of the time, which ranked 41st among the 45 Senate Democratic members as of July 2014.[195]

2013

Markey voted with the Democratic Party 90.7 percent of the time, which ranked 154 among the 201 House Democratic members as of June 2013.[196]

Personal

Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.
Markey is married to Dr. Susan Blumenthal.[197]

See also

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External links

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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "Edward John Markey," accessed December 2, 2011
    2. ↑ Politico, "2012 Election Map, Massachusetts" accessed 2012
    3. ↑ Parliamentarians for Nuclear-Nonproliferation and Disarmament, "Senator Ed Markey," accessed January 5, 2015
    4. ↑ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, "Ed Markey," accessed February 5, 2015
    5. ↑ United States Senate, "Committee Assignments of the 115th Congress," accessed January 19, 2017
    6. ↑ United States Senate, "Committee Assignments," accessed February 4, 2015
    7. ↑ CQ.com, "House Committee Rosters for the 113th Congress," accessed March 3, 2013
    8. ↑ United States Senate, "Committee Assignments," accessed March 29, 2014
    9. ↑ House Energy and Commerce Committee, "Subcommittees," accessed December 2, 2011 (dead link)
    10. ↑ House Committee on Natural Resources, "Members," accessed December 2, 2011
    11. ↑ "Masslive","5 Massachusetts Congressmen running unopposed in 2014 while challengers line up to take on US Rep. John Tierney", June 4, 2014
    12. ↑ "http://cookpolitical.com/senate/charts/race-ratings","2014 SENATE RACE RATINGS FOR JULY 18, 2014", July 18, 2014
    13. ↑ Boston Globe, "US Rep. Edward Markey to run in Senate special election," accessed December 27, 2012
    14. ↑ Yahoo news, "Mo Cowan appointed interim U.S. senator for Massachusetts" accessed 2013
    15. ↑ WCVB, "2013 U.S. Senate Special Election Results," accessed April 30, 2013
    16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named results
    17. ↑ Mass Live, "Democratic Senate candidate Ed Markey lands endorsement from AFSCME Council 93 union representing 35k Massachusetts employees," accessed February 23, 2013
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Mass Live, "Markey Touts Support from 100 State Politicians," accessed April 28, 2013
    19. ↑ Huffington Post, "Caroline Kennedy Endorses Ed Markey In Massachusetts Senate Race," accessed April 28, 2013
    20. ↑ Boston Herald, "Redistricting throws U.S. Reps. Keating, Lynch into likely faceoff," accessed January 22, 2012
    21. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
    22. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
    23. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
    24. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
    25. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
    26. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
    27. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
    28. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
    29. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
    30. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
    31. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013
    32. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1988," accessed March 28, 2013
    33. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1986," accessed March 28, 2013
    34. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1984," accessed March 28, 2013
    35. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1982," accessed March 28, 2013
    36. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1980," accessed March 28, 2013
    37. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 1978," accessed March 28, 2013
    38. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1976," accessed March 28, 2013
    39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Ed Markey for Congress, "Issues," August 13, 2012
    40. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2670 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
    41. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6363 - Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
    42. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5860 - Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 and Other Extensions Act," accessed February 27, 2024
    43. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3746 - Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023," accessed February 27, 2024
    44. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.7 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020." accessed February 23, 2024
    45. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.44 - Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives relating to "Factoring Criteria for Firearms with Attached 'Stabilizing Braces'"" accessed February 28, 2024
    46. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.30 - Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to 'Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights'." accessed February 23, 2024
    47. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3684 - Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act," accessed April 15, 2022
    48. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1319 - American Rescue Plan Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
    49. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5376 - Inflation Reduction Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    50. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022," accessed April 15, 2022
    51. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.7776 - James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    52. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.3373 - Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    53. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.4346 - Chips and Science Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    54. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3755 - Women's Health Protection Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
    55. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2471 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    56. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.8404 - Respect for Marriage Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    57. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6833 - Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    58. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.937 - COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act," accessed April 15, 2022
    59. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3076 - Postal Service Reform Act of 2022," accessed January 23, 2023
    60. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    61. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5305 - Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act," accessed January 23, 2023
    62. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.24 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 15, 2022
    63. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.350 - Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act of 2022," accessed January 23, 2023
    64. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.14 - A concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2022 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2023 through 2031.," accessed April 15, 2022
    65. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5746 - Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    66. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    67. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.748 - CARES Act," accessed March 22, 2024
    68. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1790 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    69. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6201 - Families First Coronavirus Response Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    70. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1865 - Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    71. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6074 - Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    72. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.31 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    73. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    74. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    75. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    76. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1 - Strengthening America's Security in the Middle East Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    77. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.8337 - Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    78. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1158 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    79. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3055 - Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2020, and Further Health Extenders Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    80. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1327 - Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer, and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    81. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 28, 2024
    82. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 28, 2024
    83. ↑ Congress.gov, “H.R.5430 - United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act,” accessed April 28, 2024
    84. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.151 - Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act" accessed April 28, 2024
    85. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3401 - Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019,' accessed April 28, 2024
    86. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2157 - Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2019," accessed April 28, 2024
    87. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.46 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on February 15, 2019.," accessed April 28, 2024
    88. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment with an Amendment)," December 18, 2018
    89. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 2)," December 11, 2018
    90. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Nomination (Confirmation Brett M. Kavanaugh, of Maryland, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 6, 2018
    91. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Brett M. Kavanaugh to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 5, 2018
    92. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2, As Amended)," June 28, 2018
    93. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1959)," February 15, 2018
    94. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1958 As Modified)," February 15, 2018
    95. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1948)," February 15, 2018
    96. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1955)," February 15, 2018
    97. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to the Consideration of S. 2311)," January 29, 2018
    98. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (McConnell Amdt. No. 667)," July 28, 2017
    99. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (Paul Amdt. No. 271 )," July 26, 2017
    100. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re: Amdt. No. 270)," July 25, 2017
    101. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Proceed to H.R. 1628)," July 25, 2017
    102. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 7, 2017
    103. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Upon Reconsideration, Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
    104. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Decision of the Chair (Shall the Decision of the Chair Stand as the Judgment of the Senate?)," April 6, 2017
    105. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
    106. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 6157)," September 18, 2018
    107. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 5895)," September 12, 2018
    108. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H. R. 6157 As Amended)," August 23, 2018
    109. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 5895 As Amended)," June 25, 2018
    110. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1625)," March 23, 2018
    111. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1892 with an Amendment (SA 1930))," February 9, 2018
    112. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 695)," February 8, 2018
    113. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment with Further Amendment)," January 22, 2018
    114. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 22, 2018
    115. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 19, 2018
    116. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1370)," December 21, 2017
    117. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Recede from the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1 and Concur with Further Amendment ," December 20, 2017
    118. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (H.J. Res. 123)," December 7, 2017
    119. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 1 As Amended )," December 2, 2017
    120. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Concurrent Resolution (H. Con. Res. 71 As Amended)," October 19, 2017
    121. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amdt. to the Senate Amdt. with an Amdt. No. 808 to H.R. 601)," September 7, 2017
    122. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 244)," May 4, 2017
    123. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 54, As Amended), December 13, 2018
    124. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2810 As Amended)," September 18, 2017
    125. ↑ The Hill, "Senate sends $692B defense policy bill to Trump's desk," November 15, 2017
    126. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3364)," July 27, 2017
    127. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (S. 722 As Amended)," June 15, 2017
    128. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 113th Congress," accessed April 29, 2015
    129. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 114th Congress," accessed January 5, 2017
    130. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress," April 13, 2015
    131. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314," accessed May 25, 2015
    132. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 1314 (Ensuring Tax Exempt Organizations the Right to Appeal Act)," accessed May 25, 2015
    133. ↑ Senate.gov, "Roll Call for HR 2146," June 24, 2015
    134. ↑ The Hill, "Senate approves fast-track, sending trade bill to White House," June 24, 2015
    135. ↑ The Hill, "Obama signs trade bills," June 29, 2015
    136. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.11," accessed May 5, 2015
    137. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany S. Con. Res. 11)," accessed May 5, 2015
    138. ↑ The Hill, "Republicans pass a budget, flexing power of majority," accessed May 5, 2015
    139. ↑ The Hill, "Redone defense policy bill sails through House," accessed November 12, 2015
    140. ↑ Congress.gov, "S. 1356," accessed November 12, 2015
    141. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to S. 1356)," accessed November 12, 2015
    142. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 618," accessed November 12, 2015
    143. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 1735)," accessed October 6, 2015
    144. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 239," accessed May 27, 2015
    145. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R. 1735," accessed May 27, 2015
    146. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015," accessed November 1, 2015
    147. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1314)," accessed November 1, 2015
    148. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 579," accessed November 1, 2015
    149. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1191," accessed May 8, 2015
    150. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 1191," accessed May 8, 2015
    151. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2640 )," accessed September 10, 2015
    152. ↑ Congress.gov, "HJ Res 61," accessed September 10, 2015
    153. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2640 )," accessed September 16, 2015
    154. ↑ Congress.gov, "HJ Res 61," accessed September 10, 2015
    155. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2640 )," accessed September 17, 2015
    156. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Amdt.2656 to S.Amdt.2640," accessed September 17, 2015
    157. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2656)," accessed September 17, 2015
    158. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2048," accessed May 26, 2015
    159. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2048)," accessed June 2, 2015
    160. ↑ Congress.gov, "S 754," accessed November 1, 2015
    161. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (S. 754, As Amended)," accessed November 1, 2015
    162. ↑ Congress.gov, "S 2146," accessed November 2, 2015
    163. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to S. 2146)," accessed November 2, 2015
    164. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013
    165. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014
    166. ↑ USA Today, "Senate committee approves Syria attack resolution," accessed September 5, 2013
    167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named syriacommitteevote
    168. ↑ NPR, "The Senator Who Dodged The Syria Vote," accessed September 5, 2013
    169. ↑ Politico, "How Senate Foreign Relations Committee members voted on Syria," accessed September 5, 2013
    170. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 2642 (Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 )," accessed February 12, 2014
    171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 NY Times, "Senate Passes Long-Stalled Farm Bill, With Clear Winners and Losers," accessed February 12, 2014
    172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Politico, "Senate approves $1.1 trillion spending bill," accessed January 20, 2014
    173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 U.S. Senate, "January 16 Vote," accessed January 20, 2014
    174. ↑ Roll Call, "House Passes $1.1 Trillion Omnibus," accessed January 20, 2014
    175. ↑ The Washington Post, "Reid, McConnell propose bipartisan Senate bill to end shutdown, extend borrowing," accessed October 16, 2013
    176. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 2775 As Amended," accessed October 31, 2013
    177. ↑ The Library of Congress, "H.AMDT.136," accessed August 28, 2013
    178. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Representative Markey's Voting Records on Immigration," accessed October 17, 2013
    179. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Markey on abortion," accessed October 17, 2013
    180. ↑ U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
    181. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Markey, (D-MA), 2012," accessed February 18, 2014
    182. ↑ This figure represents the average annual percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or their first year in office (as noted in the chart below) to 2012, divided by the number of years calculated.
    183. ↑ This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation.
    184. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
    185. ↑ This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
    186. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Sen. Ed Markey," accessed September 18, 2014
    187. ↑ Politico.com, "Baker’s legislative bucket list," May 17, 2022
    188. ↑ GovTrack, "Markey," accessed July 22, 2014
    189. ↑ OpenCongress, "Ed Markey," accessed July 22, 2014
    190. ↑ GovTrack, "Ed Markey," accessed Otober 15, 2015
    191. ↑ html LegiStorm, "Ed Markey" accessed 2012
    192. ↑ National Journal, "2013 Senate Vote Ratings," accessed July 22, 2014
    193. ↑ National Journal, "TABLE: House Liberal Scores by Issue Area," accessed February 26, 2013
    194. ↑ National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
    195. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
    196. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
    197. ↑ Official House website, "About Ed," accessed December 2, 2011

    Political offices
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    Mo Cowan (D)     		U.S. Senate Massachusetts
    2013-Present    		 Succeeded by
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    Preceded by
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    Katherine Clark (D)
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    1973-1976    		 Succeeded by
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