Германал

Германал (гер. Deutsche, абулеб къагӀида [ˈdɔʏtʃə] ( listen)) — Германиялъул халкъ ва нация, жидер лӀугьин германияб ва рахьдалаб мацӀ герман бугеб.^[1]^[2] Германиялъул конституциялда рекъон германал Германиялъул чӀейилал.^[3] XIX ва XX гӀасруялъул цӀикӀкканиселъ, герман идентлъиялда доминатияб буго гӀаммаб мацӀалъул, култураялъул, лӀугьиналъул ва гьисториялъул концепция.^[4] Жакъа къоялъ герман мацӀалъул гӀатӀидго хал гьабула герман идентлъиялъул аслияб, амма гьоркьосабахъул гуреб критериялъун гӀадин.^[5] Дунялалда ругелщинал германазул гӀаммаб рикӀкӀен буго 100-ялдаса 150 миллион чи, ва гьезул цӀикӀкӀанисел руго гӀумру гьабун Германиялда.^[6]

Жидер тарихалда жанир халатаб заманалъ политикияб рикьа-риххи букӀиналъ, герман нациялда жанир руго маданиял батӀалъаби ва гӀемер дандчӀвала къуватаб регионалияб хаслъи. Герман култураялъул гьоркьосабахъулареб жо буго гьунарлъи ва гӀелму, ва германазда гьоркьоса рахъана гӀемерал цӀар арал гӀадамал, жидеца батӀи-батӀиял гӀелмабазда, политикаялда ва цогидалда бихьулеб лъалкӀ тарал.

МацӀ

Герман мацӀ ккола германазул рахьдал мацӀлъун. Гьеб буго герман идентлъиялъул кӀулияб фактор.^[7]^[8] Герман мацӀ ккола бакътӀерхьул германияб мацӀ, жиб гӀагараб фриз, луксембургияб, ингилис ва гьоланд мацӀазе.^[7] Герман мацӀалъул аслиял сверелал ккола тӀасагерман ва гъоркьагерман. Стандартияб литературияб герман мацӀ гьабураб буго тӀасагерман мацӀалда, ва гьеб ккола цӀикӀкӀанисел германазул тӀоцебесеб яги кӀиабилеб мацӀлъун.^[9]

Баянкьелал

МугъчӀваял

^ "Definition of German by Merriam-Webster". Архивация оригиналалдаса 13 Новембер 2020. Щвей 25 Новембер 2020. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)
^ "German". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. 2010. гь. 733. ISBN 978-0199571123. Архивация оригиналалдаса 4 Фебруар 2021. Щвей 22 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)
^ Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (ред.). "Article 116". Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Архивация оригиналалдаса 7 Новембер 2020. Щвей 3 Юн 2021. Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)
^ Moser 2011, гь. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
^ Haarmann 2015, гь. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
^ Moser 2011, гь. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
^ ^a ^b Haarmann 2015, гь. 313.
^ Moser 2011, гь. 172.
^ Minahan 2000, гь. 288.

Библиография

Haarmann, Harald (2015). "Germans". Гъоркь: Danver, Steven (ред.). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. гьл. 313–316. ISBN 978-1317464006. Архивация оригиналалдаса 14 Октобер 2017. Щвей 22 Юн 2018. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)
Moser, Johannes (2011). "Germans". Гъоркь: Cole, Jeffrey (ред.). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. гьл. 171–177. ISBN 978-1598843026. Архивация оригиналалдаса 10 Январ 2017. Щвей 25 Октобер 2015. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Minahan, James (2000). "Germans". One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. гьл. 287–294. ISBN 0313309841. Архивация оригиналалдаса 21 Март 2015. Щвей 11 Март 2016.
Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005). "Germans". Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. гьл. 330–335. ISBN 1438129181. Архивация оригиналалдаса 28 Новембер 2015. Щвей 22 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)

ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе

Craig, Gordon Alexander (1983). The Germans. New American Library. ISBN 0452006228. Архивация оригиналалдаса 27 Май 2021. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Elias, Norbert (1996). The Germans. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231105630. Архивация оригиналалдаса 27 Май 2021. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
James, Harold (2000). A German Identity (2 ред.). Phoenix Press. ISBN 1842122045. Архивация оригиналалдаса 27 Май 2021. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Mallory, J. P. (1991). "Germans". In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth. Thames & Hudson. гьл. 84–87. Архивация оригиналалдаса 3 Март 2021. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Rock, Lena (2019). As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000. Leuven University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0. ISBN 9789462701786. JSTOR j.ctvss3xg0. S2CID 241563332.
Todd, Malcolm (2004a). The Early Germans. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405117142. Архивация оригиналалдаса 5 Август 2020. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Wells, Peter S. (2011). "The Ancient Germans". Гъоркь: Bonfante, Larissa (ред.). The Barbarians of Ancient Europe. Cambridge University Press. гьл. 211–232. ISBN 978-0-521-19404-4. Архивация оригиналалдаса 27 Май 2021. Щвей 23 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе

Халип:Wikiquote

Халип:German people Халип:Germany topics

[Merriam-Webster-1] "Definition of German by Merriam-Webster". Архивация оригиналалдаса 13 Новембер 2020. Щвей 25 Новембер 2020. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)

[OED-2] "German". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. 2010. гь. 733. ISBN 978-0199571123. Архивация оригиналалдаса 4 Фебруар 2021. Щвей 22 Декембер 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)

[3] Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (ред.). "Article 116". Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Архивация оригиналалдаса 7 Новембер 2020. Щвей 3 Юн 2021. Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)

[Moser_172-4] Moser 2011, гь. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."

[5] Haarmann 2015, гь. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."

[Moser_171-6] Moser 2011, гь. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."

[FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7] Haarmann 2015, гь. 313.

[FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-8] Moser 2011, гь. 172.

[FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288-9] Minahan 2000, гь. 288.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

Authority control
General	Integrated Authority File (Germany)
National libraries	France (data) 2 (data) United States Japan Czech Republic 2
Other	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology National Archives (US)