{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391833078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.07927","title":"A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models:\n Techniques and Applications","display_name":"A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models:\n Techniques and Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391833078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.07927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07927","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"preprint","type_crossref":"posted-content","indexed_in":["arxiv"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028037783","display_name":"Pranab Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-1908"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahoo, Pranab","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034271698","display_name":"Ayush Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-3424"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Ayush Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060797340","display_name":"Sriparna Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9381"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saha, Sriparna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076595090","display_name":"Vinija Jain","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jain, Vinija","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088675403","display_name":"Samrat Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-3410"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mondal, Samrat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047032131","display_name":"Aman Chadha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-9003"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chadha, Aman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999951,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Natural Language Processing","score":0.8635,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Natural Language Processing","score":0.8635,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Statistical Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing","score":0.7724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-modeling","display_name":"Language Modeling","score":0.568597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-modeling","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.524808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5169203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3237072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3204896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07927","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07927","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"engineering":[1,115],"has":[2,90],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,27],"an":[5],"indispensable":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8,211],"extending":[9],"the":[10,35,42,63,77,112,123,149,154,158,165],"capabilities":[11],"of":[12,49,106,111,130,169,185,196],"large":[13],"language":[14,70],"models":[15,19,51,155],"(LLMs)":[16],"and":[17,109,117,157,167,172,177,182,201,209],"vision-language":[18],"(VLMs).":[20],"This":[21,87,119,189],"approach":[22,171],"leverages":[23],"task-specific":[24],"instructions,":[25],"known":[26],"prompts,":[28],"to":[29,75,98],"enhance":[30],"model":[31,37,43,58,78],"efficacy":[32],"without":[33],"modifying":[34],"core":[36],"parameters.":[38],"Rather":[39],"than":[40],"updating":[41],"parameters,":[44],"prompts":[45],"allow":[46],"seamless":[47],"integration":[48],"pre-trained":[50],"into":[52,164],"downstream":[53],"tasks":[54],"by":[55,125,137,205],"eliciting":[56],"desired":[57],"behaviors":[59],"solely":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62],"given":[64],"prompt.":[65],"Prompts":[66],"can":[67],"be":[68],"natural":[69],"instructions":[71],"that":[72,83],"provide":[73,145],"context":[74],"guide":[76],"or":[79],"learned":[80],"vector":[81],"representations":[82],"activate":[84],"relevant":[85],"knowledge.":[86],"burgeoning":[88],"field":[89,200],"enabled":[91],"success":[92],"across":[93],"various":[94],"applications,":[95,153],"from":[96],"question-answering":[97],"commonsense":[99],"reasoning.":[100],"However,":[101],"there":[102],"remains":[103],"a":[104,127,146,174,193],"lack":[105],"systematic":[107,190],"organization":[108],"understanding":[110,195],"diverse":[113],"prompt":[114,134,212],"methods":[116],"techniques.":[118],"survey":[120],"paper":[121],"addresses":[122],"gap":[124],"providing":[126],"structured":[128],"overview":[129],"recent":[131],"advancements":[132],"in":[133],"engineering,":[135],"categorized":[136],"application":[138],"area.":[139],"For":[140],"each":[141,170,186],"prompting":[142,150,187],"approach,":[143],"we":[144],"summary":[147],"detailing":[148],"methodology,":[151],"its":[152],"involved,":[156],"datasets":[159],"utilized.":[160],"We":[161],"also":[162],"delve":[163],"strengths":[166],"limitations":[168],"include":[173],"taxonomy":[175],"diagram":[176],"table":[178],"summarizing":[179],"datasets,":[180],"models,":[181],"critical":[183],"points":[184],"technique.":[188],"analysis":[191],"enables":[192],"better":[194],"this":[197],"rapidly":[198],"developing":[199],"facilitates":[202],"future":[203],"research":[204],"illuminating":[206],"open":[207],"challenges":[208],"opportunities":[210],"engineering.":[213]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4391833078","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2024-11-26T20:08:54.695478","created_date":"2024-02-15"}