{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386168382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174168","title":"Real-Time Retrieval of Daily Soil Moisture Using IMERG and GK2A Satellite Images with NWP and Topographic Data: A Machine Learning Approach for South Korea","display_name":"Real-Time Retrieval of Daily Soil Moisture Using IMERG and GK2A Satellite Images with NWP and Topographic Data: A Machine Learning Approach for South Korea","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386168382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4168/pdf?version=1692959293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4168/pdf?version=1692959293","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330856","display_name":"Soo-Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-6146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soo-Jin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054522024","display_name":"Eun-Ha Sohn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335415512","display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04nrmrg07","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunha Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090108289","display_name":"Mija Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335415512","display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04nrmrg07","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mija Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766769","display_name":"Kihong Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-3569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335415512","display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04nrmrg07","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Hong Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon 27803, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335415512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103262734","display_name":"Kyungwon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9431-5228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136362","display_name":"APEC Climate Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03zqv5j63","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136362"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungwon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Service and Research Division, APEC Climate Center, Busan 48058, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Service and Research Division, APEC Climate Center, Busan 48058, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077939087","display_name":"Yangwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-6100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yangwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077939087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":0,"max":70},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"4168","last_page":"4168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslide Hazards and Risk Assessment","score":0.9992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Arctic Permafrost Dynamics and Climate Change","score":0.9985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"Soil Moisture","score":0.642936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/susceptibility-mapping","display_name":"Susceptibility Mapping","score":0.54141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-observations","display_name":"Satellite Observations","score":0.515283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gis-based-modeling","display_name":"GIS-based Modeling","score":0.510268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrological-modeling","display_name":"Hydrological Modeling","score":0.506903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortwave-radiation","display_name":"Shortwave radiation","score":0.48501012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortwave","display_name":"Shortwave","score":0.46532863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.414102}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7906251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.62905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5908663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5049539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.49668008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.49250397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19369268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7502259","display_name":"Shortwave radiation","level":3,"score":0.48501012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46719623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776272892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7502249","display_name":"Shortwave","level":3,"score":0.46532863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4440524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.43491572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.42650682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.414102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.35421187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.28046972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13407382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.12537417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.122219235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10681614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.093952775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.089845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4168/pdf?version=1692959293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4168/pdf?version=1692959293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.68,"display_name":"Life on land"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972733121","https://openalex.org/W1993939222","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W2009896556","https://openalex.org/W2029587925","https://openalex.org/W2039975014","https://openalex.org/W2076669576","https://openalex.org/W2082220895","https://openalex.org/W2083715815","https://openalex.org/W2083759223","https://openalex.org/W2103989899","https://openalex.org/W2119132330","https://openalex.org/W2128379105","https://openalex.org/W2129442773","https://openalex.org/W2161548576","https://openalex.org/W2271388145","https://openalex.org/W2339581915","https://openalex.org/W2550894800","https://openalex.org/W2575270753","https://openalex.org/W2576683119","https://openalex.org/W2750693154","https://openalex.org/W2759164442","https://openalex.org/W2770769883","https://openalex.org/W2802674596","https://openalex.org/W2864957534","https://openalex.org/W2890221613","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2918358176","https://openalex.org/W2946111339","https://openalex.org/W2970547633","https://openalex.org/W2985313806","https://openalex.org/W3011863222","https://openalex.org/W3027188166","https://openalex.org/W3064120141","https://openalex.org/W3097506700","https://openalex.org/W3097743854","https://openalex.org/W3112824784","https://openalex.org/W3124048885","https://openalex.org/W3154189120","https://openalex.org/W3157559100","https://openalex.org/W3169925973","https://openalex.org/W3214009266","https://openalex.org/W4226128649","https://openalex.org/W4226332096","https://openalex.org/W4233906784","https://openalex.org/W4295926332","https://openalex.org/W4297121128","https://openalex.org/W639289211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W851277280","https://openalex.org/W4206717347","https://openalex.org/W3210381770","https://openalex.org/W3107552455","https://openalex.org/W3003253127","https://openalex.org/W2781930621","https://openalex.org/W2363212107","https://openalex.org/W2080522116","https://openalex.org/W2062544187","https://openalex.org/W2023477628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0,34],"moisture":[1,8,390],"(SM)":[2],"is":[3,15],"an":[4,130],"indicator":[5],"of":[6,10,66,103,149,324,360,389],"the":[7,11,27,39,47,101,104,108,150,179,189,308,319,325,339,343,358,361,387,393],"status":[9,192],"land":[12,218,362,394],"surface,":[13,395],"which":[14],"useful":[16],"for":[17,50,133],"monitoring":[18,388],"extreme":[19],"weather":[20,165],"events.":[21],"Representative":[22],"global":[23],"SM":[24,71,87,96,135,143,183,191,241,269,282,310,321,337,340,351,373,383],"datasets":[25,68],"include":[26],"National":[28],"Aeronautics":[29],"and":[30,46,76,100,144,160,169,196,203,238,248,256,261,267,349,353,370],"Space":[31],"Administration":[32],"(NASA)":[33],"Moisture":[35],"Active":[36],"Passive":[37],"(SMAP),":[38],"Global":[40],"Land":[41],"Data":[42],"Assimilation":[43],"System":[44],"(GLDAS),":[45],"European":[48],"Centre":[49],"Medium-Range":[51],"Weather":[52],"Forecasts":[53],"(ECMWF)":[54],"Reanalysis":[55],"5":[56],"(ERA5),":[57],"but":[58,93],"due":[59],"to":[60,79,121,128,313,334,365],"their":[61],"low":[62,82],"spatial":[63],"resolutions,":[64],"none":[65],"these":[67],"well":[69,354,397],"describe":[70],"changes":[72,356,391],"in":[73,142,157,280,335,357,376,386,392],"local":[74],"areas,":[75],"they":[77],"tend":[78],"have":[80,89,145,314],"a":[81,205,315],"accuracy.":[83],"Machine":[84],"learning":[85,251],"(ML)-based":[86],"predictions":[88],"demonstrated":[90,342],"high":[91,273],"accuracy,":[92,147,345],"obtaining":[94],"semi-real-time":[95,382],"information":[97],"remains":[98],"challenging,":[99],"dependence":[102],"validation":[105],"accuracy":[106,274,317],"on":[107,244,277],"data":[109,171,326,352],"sampling":[110,151,260,327],"method":[111,328],"used,":[112],"such":[113],"as":[114,178,396,398],"random":[115,245,259],"or":[116,405],"yearly":[117],"sampling,":[118],"has":[119],"led":[120],"uncertainties.":[122],"In":[123,330],"this":[124,377],"study,":[125],"we":[126],"aimed":[127],"develop":[129],"ML-based":[131],"model":[132,311],"real-time":[134],"estimation":[136],"that":[137],"can":[138],"capture":[139],"local-scale":[140],"variabilities":[141],"reliable":[146],"regardless":[148,323],"method.":[152],"This":[153],"study":[154,378],"was":[155],"conducted":[156],"South":[158],"Korea,":[159],"satellite":[161],"image":[162],"data,":[163,168,338,384],"numerical":[164],"prediction":[166],"(NWP)":[167],"topographic":[170,234],"provided":[172],"within":[173],"one":[174],"day":[175],"were":[176,193,253],"used":[177],"input":[180,186],"data.":[181],"For":[182],"modeling,":[184],"13":[185],"variables":[187],"affecting":[188],"surface":[190,219,363],"selected:":[194],"10-":[195],"20-day":[197],"cumulative":[198],"standardized":[199],"precipitation":[200],"indexes":[201],"(SPI10":[202],"SPI20),":[204],"normalized":[206],"difference":[207],"vegetation":[208],"index":[209,236],"(NDVI),":[210],"downward":[211],"shortwave":[212],"radiation":[213],"(DSR),":[214],"air":[215],"temperature":[216,220,223],"(Tair),":[217],"(LST),":[221],"soil":[222],"(Tsoil),":[224],"relative":[225],"humidity":[226],"(RH),":[227],"latent":[228],"heat":[229],"flux":[230],"(LE),":[231],"slope,":[232],"elevation,":[233],"ruggedness":[235],"(TRI),":[237],"aspect.":[239],"Then,":[240],"models":[242,270,341,374],"based":[243,276],"forest":[246],"(RF)":[247],"automated":[249],"machine":[250],"(AutoML)":[252],"constructed,":[254],"trained,":[255],"validated":[257],"using":[258],"leave-one-year-out":[262],"(LOYO)":[263],"cross-validation.":[264],"The":[265,372],"RF-":[266],"AutoML-based":[268,309],"had":[271],"significantly":[272],"rates":[275],"comparisons":[278],"with":[279],"situ":[281,336],"(mean":[283],"absolute":[284],"error":[285,291,298],"(MAE)":[286],"=":[287,293,300,305],"2.212\u20134.132%;":[288],"mean":[289,296],"bias":[290],"(MBE)":[292],"\u22120.110\u20130.136%;":[294],"root":[295],"square":[297],"(RMSE)":[299],"3.186\u20135.384%;":[301],"correlation":[302],"coefficient":[303],"(CC)":[304],"0.732\u20130.913),":[306],"while":[307],"tended":[312],"higher":[316],"than":[318],"RF-based":[320],"model,":[322],"used.":[329],"addition,":[331],"when":[332],"compared":[333],"highest":[344],"outperforming":[346],"both":[347],"GLDAS":[348],"ERA5":[350],"representing":[355],"dryness/wetness":[359],"according":[364],"meteorological":[366,400],"events":[367],"(heatwave,":[368],"drought,":[369],"rainfall).":[371],"proposed":[375],"can,":[379],"thus,":[380],"offer":[381],"aiding":[385],"short-term":[399],"disasters,":[401],"like":[402],"flash":[403],"droughts":[404],"floods.":[406]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386168382","counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2024-10-18T09:13:35.311968","created_date":"2023-08-26"}
