{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318071429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-26-909","title":"Variational quantum algorithm for unconstrained black box binary optimization: Application to feature selection","display_name":"Variational quantum algorithm for unconstrained black box binary optimization: Application to feature selection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318071429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-26-909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-26-909","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-01-26-909/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-01-26-909/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038587497","display_name":"Christa Zoufal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4126-3141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christa Zoufal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, IBM Research Europe \u2013 Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, IBM Research Europe \u2013 Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083731828","display_name":"Ryan V. Mishmash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan V. Mishmash","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, Almaden Research Center \u2013 Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, Almaden Research Center \u2013 Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437504","display_name":"Nitin Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3258-6467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302135459","display_name":"PayPal (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/016jadm77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["PayPal \u2013 San Jose"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PayPal \u2013 San Jose","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074527005","display_name":"Niraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302135459","display_name":"PayPal (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/016jadm77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["PayPal \u2013 San Jose"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PayPal \u2013 San Jose","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030974308","display_name":"Aashish Sheshadri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302135459","display_name":"PayPal (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/016jadm77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aashish Sheshadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["PayPal \u2013 San Jose"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PayPal \u2013 San Jose","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018175375","display_name":"Amol Deshmukh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-7085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amol Deshmukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, Thomas J. Watson Research Center \u2013 Yorktown Heights"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, Thomas J. Watson Research Center \u2013 Yorktown Heights","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002058302","display_name":"Noelle Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-8700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noelle Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, Thomas J. Watson Research Center \u2013 Yorktown Heights"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, Thomas J. Watson Research Center \u2013 Yorktown Heights","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081198651","display_name":"Julien Gacon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8617-1825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122644","display_name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhj4v17","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202391551","https://openalex.org/I4210122644"]}],"countries":["CH","CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julien Gacon","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, IBM Research \u2013 Zurich","Institute of Physics, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, IBM Research \u2013 Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864","https://openalex.org/I4210122644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085105920","display_name":"Stefan Woerner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5945-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Woerner","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, IBM Research \u2013 Zurich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, IBM Research \u2013 Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":3.901,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999978,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"909","last_page":"909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing and Simulation","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing and Simulation","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Computation","score":0.9959,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Optimization Methods in Machine Learning","score":0.9795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerant-quantum-computation","display_name":"Fault-tolerant Quantum Computation","score":0.582794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variational-quantum-algorithms","display_name":"Variational Quantum Algorithms","score":0.581048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"Quantum Machine Learning","score":0.537655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-simulation","display_name":"Quantum Simulation","score":0.532388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computation","display_name":"Quantum Computation","score":0.529245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.47529802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4515209}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.60555464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.54837877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5386642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5219773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5197989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4819974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.47529802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4695281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4515209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.447577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177179195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268372","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","level":4,"score":0.4192541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34114683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22280285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-26-909","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-01-26-909/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.03045","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.03045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.2205.03045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393179698","display_name":"DataCite API","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145204","host_organization_name":"DataCite","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145204"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["DataCite"],"type":"metadata"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-26-909","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-01-26-909/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.76,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":["https://openalex.org/W4318071429"],"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568345435","https://openalex.org/W1614009013","https://openalex.org/W1982252230","https://openalex.org/W2036604884","https://openalex.org/W2036887984","https://openalex.org/W2040884411","https://openalex.org/W2067612530","https://openalex.org/W2083423624","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2124289529","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2157701998","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2396770278","https://openalex.org/W2562526363","https://openalex.org/W2839756932","https://openalex.org/W2922523049","https://openalex.org/W2972637293","https://openalex.org/W3020873385","https://openalex.org/W3030829226","https://openalex.org/W3049070297","https://openalex.org/W3088409280","https://openalex.org/W3090921460","https://openalex.org/W3100993774","https://openalex.org/W3101155683","https://openalex.org/W3103289362","https://openalex.org/W3103898263","https://openalex.org/W3104022488","https://openalex.org/W3104396616","https://openalex.org/W3105677655","https://openalex.org/W3105713641","https://openalex.org/W3107211229","https://openalex.org/W3109913413","https://openalex.org/W3120112506","https://openalex.org/W3125318774","https://openalex.org/W3136233239","https://openalex.org/W3148001159","https://openalex.org/W3178793164","https://openalex.org/W3182103742","https://openalex.org/W3183968998","https://openalex.org/W3193054677","https://openalex.org/W3196615270","https://openalex.org/W3197289147","https://openalex.org/W3206516380","https://openalex.org/W3214028032","https://openalex.org/W3215136328","https://openalex.org/W4226283062","https://openalex.org/W4238472918","https://openalex.org/W4280532708","https://openalex.org/W4284670443","https://openalex.org/W4286602185","https://openalex.org/W4287121637","https://openalex.org/W4287627623","https://openalex.org/W4293819303","https://openalex.org/W4295837399","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W4382536462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319653966","https://openalex.org/W4307107688","https://openalex.org/W4287082135","https://openalex.org/W4226321542","https://openalex.org/W3212765291","https://openalex.org/W3196348232","https://openalex.org/W3010468967","https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W2129874988","https://openalex.org/W1703581136"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,165,204],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,40,47,57,92,106,115,131,176,180],"variational":[3],"quantum":[4,35,75,156,197,208],"algorithm":[5,85],"to":[6,30,56,101,111,141,158,161,174,220],"solve":[7],"unconstrained":[8],"black":[9,24],"box":[10],"binary":[11],"optimization":[12,38,95],"problems,":[13],"i.e.,":[14],"problems":[15],"in":[16,28,128,148,213,226],"which":[17,140],"the":[18,31,81,102,194,207],"objective":[19,42],"function":[20,43,134],"is":[21,27,44],"given":[22,48],"as":[23,46,119],"box.":[25],"This":[26,99,151],"contrast":[29],"typical":[32],"setting":[33],"of":[34,59,74,83,104,108,130],"algorithms":[36,157],"for":[37,67,113,154,179],"where":[39],"classical":[41,143,162],"provided":[45],"Quadratic":[49],"Unconstrained":[50],"Binary":[51],"Optimization":[52],"problem":[53,103],"and":[54,86,187,192,199,212],"mapped":[55],"sum":[58],"Pauli":[60],"operators.":[61],"Furthermore,":[62],"we":[63,90],"provide":[64],"theoretical":[65],"justification":[66],"our":[68,84,167],"method":[69,209],"based":[70],"on":[71,139],"convergence":[72],"guarantees":[73],"imaginary":[76],"time":[77],"evolution.":[78],"To":[79],"investigate":[80],"performance":[82,218],"its":[87],"potential":[88],"advantages,":[89],"tackle":[91],"challenging":[93],"real-world":[94],"problem:":[96],"feature":[97,123,169,222],"selection.":[98],"refers":[100],"selecting":[105],"subset":[107],"relevant":[109],"features":[110,190],"use":[112],"constructing":[114],"predictive":[116,177],"model":[117,178,195],"such":[118],"fraud":[120],"detection.":[121],"Optimal":[122],"selection":[124,170,223],"--":[125,135],"when":[126],"formulated":[127],"terms":[129],"generic":[132],"loss":[133],"offers":[136],"little":[137],"structure":[138],"build":[142,175],"heuristics,":[144],"thus":[145],"resulting":[146],"primarily":[147],"'greedy":[149],"methods'.":[150],"leaves":[152],"room":[153],"(near-term)":[155],"be":[159],"competitive":[160,211],"state-of-the-art":[163],"approaches.":[164],"apply":[166],"quantum-optimization-based":[168],"algorithm,":[171],"termed":[172],"VarQFS,":[173],"credit":[181],"risk":[182],"data":[183],"set":[184],"with":[185],"20":[186],"59":[188],"input":[189],"(qubits)":[191],"train":[193],"using":[196],"hardware":[198],"tensor-network-based":[200],"numerical":[201],"simulations,":[202],"respectively.":[203],"show":[205],"that":[206],"produces":[210],"certain":[214],"aspects":[215],"even":[216],"better":[217],"compared":[219],"traditional":[221],"techniques":[224],"used":[225],"today's":[227],"industry.":[228]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318071429","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-11-05T05:27:35.762443","created_date":"2023-01-26"}