{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134763859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429444","title":"Interpreting Deep Learning-based Vulnerability Detector Predictions Based on Heuristic Searching","display_name":"Interpreting Deep Learning-based Vulnerability Detector Predictions Based on Heuristic Searching","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134763859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429444","mag":"3134763859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074676946","display_name":"Deqing Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deqing Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017867953","display_name":"Yawei Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019179799","display_name":"Shouhuai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouhuai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at San Antonio, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at San Antonio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332568","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-2998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43337087","display_name":"Hebei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p884a79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43337087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei University, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43337087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262922","display_name":"Hai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001645019","display_name":"Hengkai Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengkai Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999982,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Empirical Studies in Software Engineering","score":0.9973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Empirical Studies in Software Engineering","score":0.9973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Deep Learning Models","score":0.9962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability Assessment and Prediction","score":0.9812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9052912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-reliability-modeling","display_name":"Software Reliability Modeling","score":0.582748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defect-prediction","display_name":"Software Defect Prediction","score":0.564172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.55793136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep Learning","score":0.534991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"Sensitivity Analysis","score":0.53217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-effort-dependent-models","display_name":"Testing-Effort Dependent Models","score":0.515846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9052912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.836432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7287502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7149282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6828295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6574218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6378522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6004785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.55793136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.4672297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4116635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19064292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.083124995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.46}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award_id":"U1936211 and 61802106"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award_id":"F2020201016"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","award_id":"JCYJ20170413114215614"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2036662475","https://openalex.org/W2040564948","https://openalex.org/W2113211233","https://openalex.org/W2113882472","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2557046785","https://openalex.org/W2558687840","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2562979205","https://openalex.org/W2617799811","https://openalex.org/W2765858138","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2767256843","https://openalex.org/W2769421449","https://openalex.org/W2786676889","https://openalex.org/W2787070805","https://openalex.org/W2803532212","https://openalex.org/W2807124908","https://openalex.org/W2887252986","https://openalex.org/W2890991187","https://openalex.org/W2892181857","https://openalex.org/W2898479968","https://openalex.org/W2962824341","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2962960733","https://openalex.org/W2963123635","https://openalex.org/W2963365341","https://openalex.org/W2963615142","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2964159778","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2965861627","https://openalex.org/W2973149860","https://openalex.org/W2976134045","https://openalex.org/W2976184969","https://openalex.org/W2979997102","https://openalex.org/W2997451752","https://openalex.org/W2997775613","https://openalex.org/W2999450509","https://openalex.org/W3101228802","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3109966548","https://openalex.org/W3127736190","https://openalex.org/W3159056326","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4247950230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292605373","https://openalex.org/W4243739114","https://openalex.org/W4226316650","https://openalex.org/W3123215897","https://openalex.org/W2951146195","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2153600354","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W1973412793","https://openalex.org/W1557094818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"software":[1,24],"vulnerabilities":[2],"is":[3,15,29,63],"an":[4,114],"important":[5],"problem":[6,14],"and":[7,177],"a":[8,34,39,64,73,90,98,108,124,164,172],"recent":[9],"development":[10],"in":[11,84,142],"tackling":[12,77],"the":[13,16,49,57,78,120,143,148,184],"use":[17],"of":[18,41,48,52,59,80,101,136,183],"deep":[19,35,53,60,81],"learning":[20,36,54,61,82],"models":[21,62],"to":[22,31,96,107,113],"detect":[23],"vulnerabilities.":[25],"While":[26],"effective,":[27],"it":[28],"hard":[30],"explain":[32],"why":[33],"model":[37,83],"predicts":[38],"piece":[40],"code":[42],"as":[43],"vulnerable":[44],"or":[45,170],"not":[46,134],"because":[47],"black-box":[50],"nature":[51],"models.":[55],"Indeed,":[56],"interpretability":[58,79],"daunting":[65],"open":[66,190],"problem.":[67],"In":[68,146],"this":[69],"article,":[70],"we":[71,88],"make":[72,104],"significant":[74,105],"step":[75],"toward":[76],"vulnerability":[85,153],"detection.":[86],"Specifically,":[87],"introduce":[89],"high-fidelity":[91],"explanation":[92],"framework,":[93],"which":[94,187],"aims":[95],"identify":[97],"small":[99],"number":[100],"tokens":[102],"that":[103,119,155],"contributions":[106],"detector\u2019s":[109,165,173],"prediction":[110],"with":[111],"respect":[112],"example.":[115],"Systematic":[116],"experiments":[117],"show":[118],"framework":[121,149],"indeed":[122],"has":[123],"higher":[125],"fidelity":[126],"than":[127],"existing":[128],"methods,":[129],"especially":[130],"when":[131],"features":[132],"are":[133],"independent":[135],"each":[137],"other":[138],"(which":[139],"often":[140],"occurs":[141],"real":[144],"world).":[145],"particular,":[147],"can":[150,156],"produce":[151],"some":[152],"rules":[154],"be":[157],"understood":[158],"by":[159],"domain":[160],"experts":[161],"for":[162,192],"accepting":[163],"outputs":[166,174],"(i.e.,":[167,175],"true":[168],"positives)":[169],"rejecting":[171],"false-positives":[176],"false-negatives).":[178],"We":[179],"also":[180],"discuss":[181],"limitations":[182],"present":[185],"study,":[186],"indicate":[188],"interesting":[189],"problems":[191],"future":[193],"research.":[194]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3134763859","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2024-11-05T16:20:41.030284","created_date":"2021-03-15"}