{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142469678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","title":"Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters","display_name":"Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142469678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","mag":"3142469678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221417","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","issn_l":"2377-3782","issn":["2377-3782","2377-3790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018681679","display_name":"Michael Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-4408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael James Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091229971","display_name":"Caroline Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-6830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056474685","display_name":"Gilberto Moreno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3565-4242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilberto Moreno","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035694353","display_name":"Eric B. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9721-742X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric B. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045253990","display_name":"David Sickinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Sickinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090794591","display_name":"Sreekant Narumanchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-6069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreekant Narumanchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044669967","display_name":"Ray Grout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-8747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray Grout","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99997,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"864","last_page":"874"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9971,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryostat","display_name":"Cryostat","score":0.42871776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.7012286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5864523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5413343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4869865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89106999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909476","display_name":"Cryostat","level":3,"score":0.42871776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4217786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.35005182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30733812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21738765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.16697553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15427706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54101563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124131","display_name":"Superconductivity","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221417","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","issn_l":"2377-3782","issn":["2377-3782","2377-3790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1880806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Office of Scientific and Technical Information"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.16726","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.16726","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221417","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","issn_l":"2377-3782","issn":["2377-3782","2377-3790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","award_id":"DE-AC36-08GO28308"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","award_id":null},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320338290","funder_display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","award_id":null}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971600310","https://openalex.org/W1984279171","https://openalex.org/W2004889297","https://openalex.org/W2010666216","https://openalex.org/W2042282238","https://openalex.org/W2068967633","https://openalex.org/W2070992435","https://openalex.org/W2118222943","https://openalex.org/W2158485710","https://openalex.org/W2169631286","https://openalex.org/W2349487082","https://openalex.org/W2501046731","https://openalex.org/W2520488338","https://openalex.org/W2525354786","https://openalex.org/W2557558706","https://openalex.org/W2581370380","https://openalex.org/W2594082276","https://openalex.org/W2595433325","https://openalex.org/W2612606128","https://openalex.org/W2736578080","https://openalex.org/W2785765801","https://openalex.org/W2790785914","https://openalex.org/W2903328350","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2914107846","https://openalex.org/W2924182316","https://openalex.org/W2943458917","https://openalex.org/W2944864666","https://openalex.org/W2953275663","https://openalex.org/W2962931447","https://openalex.org/W2963995121","https://openalex.org/W2964688987","https://openalex.org/W2979996741","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3000061481","https://openalex.org/W3007855629","https://openalex.org/W3010336053","https://openalex.org/W3032980097","https://openalex.org/W3037079748","https://openalex.org/W3080977065","https://openalex.org/W3093971718","https://openalex.org/W3100398112","https://openalex.org/W3101479050","https://openalex.org/W3102169218","https://openalex.org/W3102598241","https://openalex.org/W3104827882","https://openalex.org/W3105677655","https://openalex.org/W3107463944","https://openalex.org/W3124658597","https://openalex.org/W3134798533","https://openalex.org/W3135197250","https://openalex.org/W3163303881","https://openalex.org/W3163499261","https://openalex.org/W3178653085","https://openalex.org/W4214894150","https://openalex.org/W4233798822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400359943","https://openalex.org/W2849183955","https://openalex.org/W2317895918","https://openalex.org/W2247385296","https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W2120060724","https://openalex.org/W2077463311","https://openalex.org/W2063567215","https://openalex.org/W2052042321","https://openalex.org/W2040348560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"quantum":[1,12,27,103,163,177,186],"computers":[2,104],"increase":[3],"in":[4,106,175],"size,":[5],"the":[6,16,43,50,54,57,85,115,124,131,137],"total":[7,86],"energy":[8,87,95,116,125,149,173],"used":[9],"by":[10,38,151,162],"a":[11,20,93,184],"data":[13,112],"center,":[14],"including":[15,42],"cooling,":[17],"will":[18,188],"become":[19],"greater":[21,122],"concern.":[22],"The":[23,140],"cooling":[24,79,101,119,132,192,198],"requirements":[25,142,150],"of":[26,47,53,102,153],"computers,":[28],"which":[29],"operate":[30],"at":[31,62,68],"temperatures":[32,64],"near":[33],"absolute":[34],"zero,":[35],"are":[36,134,165,169],"determined":[37,91],"computing":[39],"system":[40,75,194],"parameters,":[41],"number":[44],"and":[45,56,65,81,129,157,193],"type":[46],"physical":[48],"qubits,":[49],"packaging":[51],"efficiency":[52,80],"system,":[55],"split":[58],"between":[59],"circuits":[60],"operating":[61,67],"cryogenic":[63],"those":[66],"room":[69],"temperature.":[70],"When":[71],"combined":[72],"with":[73],"thermal":[74],"parameters":[76],"such":[77],"as":[78,160],"cryostat":[82],"heat":[83],"transfer,":[84],"use":[88,156,174],"can":[89,147],"be":[90],"using":[92],"first-principles":[94],"model.":[96],"These":[97],"models":[98],"show":[99],"that":[100,196],"differs":[105],"two":[107],"fundamental":[108],"ways":[109],"from":[110],"conventional":[111],"centers:":[113],"(1)":[114],"required":[117,126],"for":[118,127,143,171],"is":[120],"much":[121],"than":[123],"computation,":[128],"(2)":[130],"loads":[133],"sensitive":[135],"to":[136,180],"computational":[138,158,181],"architecture.":[139],"temperature":[141],"different":[144],"qubit":[145],"types":[146],"change":[148],"orders":[152],"magnitude.":[154],"Power":[155],"power,":[159],"quantified":[161],"volume,":[164],"analytically":[166],"correlated.":[167],"Approaches":[168],"identified":[170],"minimizing":[172],"integrated":[176],"systems":[178],"relative":[179],"power.":[182],"Designing":[183],"sustainable":[185],"computer":[187],"require":[189],"both":[190],"efficient":[191],"design":[195],"minimizes":[197],"requirements.":[199]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3142469678","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2024-12-08T22:20:02.203662","created_date":"2021-04-13"}
