{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321483887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3247013","title":"Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Distributed Computation Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing Networks","display_name":"Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Distributed Computation Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321483887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3247013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3247013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_reinforcement_learning_based_distributed_computation_offloading_in_vehicular_edge_computing_networks/23494646/1/files/41202788.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102003330","display_name":"Liwei Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0408-557X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011270130","display_name":"Hongbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1196-4089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101539395","display_name":"Jiayue Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059240244","display_name":"Aryan Kaushik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6252-4641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aryan Kaushik","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brigthon, U.K."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brigthon, U.K.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076471244","display_name":"S. W. K. Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9818-1609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037415977","display_name":"Wenquan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-7889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenquan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.228,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999946,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"14","first_page":"12416","last_page":"12433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"Internet of Things and Edge Computing","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"Internet of Things and Edge Computing","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Techniques for Data Analysis and Machine Learning","score":0.9953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain and Internet of Things Integration","score":0.9905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.6620319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge Computing","score":0.624722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile Edge Computing","score":0.614684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep Learning","score":0.55219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated Learning","score":0.539621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-computing","display_name":"Fog Computing","score":0.517555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8593317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.6620319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6263231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.59620726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5872276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5711332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.48563448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.46302074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.45112625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4421025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.43599135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4260147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39982355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3245533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2402553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14483899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.12329158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3247013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/110672/1/manuscript.pdf","pdf_url":"https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_reinforcement_learning_based_distributed_computation_offloading_in_vehicular_edge_computing_networks/23494646/1/files/41202788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400129","display_name":"Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","host_organization_name":"University of Sussex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Sussex"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_reinforcement_learning_based_distributed_computation_offloading_in_vehicular_edge_computing_networks/23494646","pdf_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_reinforcement_learning_based_distributed_computation_offloading_in_vehicular_edge_computing_networks/23494646/1/files/41202788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/110672/1/manuscript.pdf","pdf_url":"https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_reinforcement_learning_based_distributed_computation_offloading_in_vehicular_edge_computing_networks/23494646/1/files/41202788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400129","display_name":"Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","host_organization_name":"University of Sussex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Sussex"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award_id":"61901015"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486093464","https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2397723600","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2775482448","https://openalex.org/W2800755725","https://openalex.org/W2808449107","https://openalex.org/W2895879715","https://openalex.org/W2910439483","https://openalex.org/W2920290726","https://openalex.org/W2922480842","https://openalex.org/W2954039338","https://openalex.org/W2955097190","https://openalex.org/W2963001767","https://openalex.org/W2963070605","https://openalex.org/W2963529364","https://openalex.org/W2964054168","https://openalex.org/W2964335916","https://openalex.org/W2996086865","https://openalex.org/W3002258616","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3010178570","https://openalex.org/W3012434840","https://openalex.org/W3024155406","https://openalex.org/W3024681024","https://openalex.org/W3036260642","https://openalex.org/W3037422413","https://openalex.org/W3037949089","https://openalex.org/W3040914594","https://openalex.org/W3045546031","https://openalex.org/W3092311181","https://openalex.org/W3094989922","https://openalex.org/W3106012580","https://openalex.org/W3109463546","https://openalex.org/W3113783140","https://openalex.org/W3125343490","https://openalex.org/W3127561923","https://openalex.org/W3131852646","https://openalex.org/W3134157033","https://openalex.org/W3134179774","https://openalex.org/W3155400008","https://openalex.org/W3171587005","https://openalex.org/W3174155297","https://openalex.org/W3174997142","https://openalex.org/W3176027082","https://openalex.org/W3185282416","https://openalex.org/W3203523248","https://openalex.org/W3206994654","https://openalex.org/W4200260216","https://openalex.org/W4226027685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313145167","https://openalex.org/W4312311745","https://openalex.org/W4287990712","https://openalex.org/W4200411065","https://openalex.org/W3109858579","https://openalex.org/W3045828129","https://openalex.org/W3015688179","https://openalex.org/W2996244958","https://openalex.org/W2994818256","https://openalex.org/W2946737129"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"edge":[1,59,71,87],"computing":[2,16,60],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,70],"a":[6,56,79,130,152],"promising":[7],"paradigm":[8],"by":[9,30,78],"offloading":[10,47,102,133],"computation-intensive":[11],"latency-sensitive":[12],"tasks":[13],"to":[14,23,43,86,90,114,148,172],"mobile-edge":[15],"(MEC)":[17],"servers.":[18],"However,":[19],"it":[20],"is":[21,76,146,170],"difficult":[22],"provide":[24],"users":[25],"with":[26,195],"excellent":[27],"Quality-of-Service":[28],"(QoS)":[29],"relying":[31],"only":[32],"on":[33,50,136],"these":[34],"server":[35],"resources.":[36,72],"Therefore,":[37],"in":[38,55,181,188],"this":[39,126],"article,":[40],"we":[41,98,128],"propose":[42,129],"formulate":[44],"the":[45,100,105,116,189],"computation":[46,101,132],"policy":[48],"based":[49,135],"deep":[51],"reinforcement":[52],"learning":[53,168,174],"(DRL)":[54],"vehicle-assisted":[57],"vehicular":[58],"network":[61,144],"(VAEN)":[62],"where":[63,140],"idle":[64],"resources":[65],"of":[66,107,155],"vehicles":[67],"are":[68],"deemed":[69],"Specifically,":[73],"each":[74],"task":[75],"represented":[77],"directed":[80],"acyclic":[81],"graph":[82],"(DAG)":[83],"and":[84,122,151,159,191],"offloaded":[85],"nodes":[88],"according":[89],"our":[91],"proposed":[92,171],"subtask":[93],"scheduling":[94],"priority":[95],"algorithm.":[96],"Further,":[97],"formalize":[99],"problem":[103],"under":[104],"constraints":[106],"candidate":[108],"service":[109],"vehicle":[110],"models,":[111],"which":[112],"aims":[113],"minimize":[115],"long-term":[117],"system":[118],"cost,":[119],"including":[120],"delay":[121],"energy":[123,192],"consumption.":[124],"To":[125],"end,":[127],"distributed":[131],"algorithm":[134],"multiagent":[137],"DRL":[138],"(DCOM),":[139],"an":[141],"improved":[142],"actor\u2013critic":[143],"(IACN)":[145],"devised":[147],"extract":[149],"features,":[150],"joint":[153],"mechanism":[154],"prioritized":[156],"experience":[157],"replay":[158],"adaptive":[160],"