{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183926457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts52814.2021.9486703","title":"Protecting GPU's Microarchitectural Vulnerabilities via Effective Selective Hardening","display_name":"Protecting GPU's Microarchitectural Vulnerabilities via Effective Selective Hardening","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183926457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts52814.2021.9486703","mag":"3183926457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts52814.2021.9486703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107558399","display_name":"Josie E. Rodriguez Condia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-5624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josie E. Rodriguez Condia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054264208","display_name":"Paolo Rech","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-1879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Rech","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047414074","display_name":"Fernando Fernandes dos Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3504-9862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94328231","display_name":"University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/02sghbs34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94328231"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Fernandes dos Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94328231","https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089240289","display_name":"Luigi Carrot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94328231","display_name":"University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/02sghbs34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94328231"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Carrot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94328231","https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058555274","display_name":"M. Sonza Reorda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Sonza Reorda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.865,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.899966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":76,"max":79},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Fault Tolerance in Electronic Systems","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Fault Tolerance in Electronic Systems","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Computing","score":0.9953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Scheduling in Embedded Systems","score":0.995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpu-computing","display_name":"GPU Computing","score":0.625362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-modular-redundancy","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","score":0.56830704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault Tolerance","score":0.550517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-faults","display_name":"Transient Faults","score":0.548722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-errors","display_name":"Soft Errors","score":0.5378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-optimization","display_name":"Performance Optimization","score":0.521023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardening","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","score":0.41861242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8220293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196371267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3998979","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","level":3,"score":0.56830704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.54901826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.50820184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.49152765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4755977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.45521328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.4311353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44255700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978423","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","level":3,"score":0.41861242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3149628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14062941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts52814.2021.9486703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963880259","https://openalex.org/W1999799697","https://openalex.org/W2021676867","https://openalex.org/W2054095206","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2123379964","https://openalex.org/W2139375423","https://openalex.org/W2144512449","https://openalex.org/W2155503253","https://openalex.org/W2167069171","https://openalex.org/W2167357818","https://openalex.org/W2178768573","https://openalex.org/W2224700054","https://openalex.org/W2268994915","https://openalex.org/W2515526980","https://openalex.org/W2538867637","https://openalex.org/W2735162286","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2901848761","https://openalex.org/W2943218858","https://openalex.org/W2951728061","https://openalex.org/W3023609977","https://openalex.org/W3034145270","https://openalex.org/W3035117916","https://openalex.org/W3094697731","https://openalex.org/W3131436395","https://openalex.org/W3135074210","https://openalex.org/W3142055968","https://openalex.org/W3167531718","https://openalex.org/W4231474137","https://openalex.org/W4249144718","https://openalex.org/W4293584584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W58658798","https://openalex.org/W4210531477","https://openalex.org/W3114375939","https://openalex.org/W3008821054","https://openalex.org/W2797678940","https://openalex.org/W2770296460","https://openalex.org/W2759696718","https://openalex.org/W2603119174","https://openalex.org/W2491217195","https://openalex.org/W2359816675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphics":[0],"Processing":[1],"Units":[2],"(GPUs)":[3],"are":[4],"today":[5],"adopted":[6],"in":[7,97,117,145,156],"several":[8],"domains":[9],"for":[10],"which":[11],"reliability":[12],"is":[13],"fundamental,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"self-driving":[17],"cars":[18],"and":[19,101,149],"autonomous":[20],"machines.":[21],"Unfortunately,":[22],"on":[23,37],"one":[24],"side":[25],"GPUs":[26],"have":[27,31],"been":[28],"shown":[29],"to":[30,66,123,141,152,171],"a":[32,88,105],"high":[33],"error":[34],"rate":[35],"and,":[36],"the":[38,41,84,98,115,146,157,166],"other":[39],"side,":[40],"constraints":[42],"imposed":[43],"by":[44,113,169],"real-time":[45],"safety-critical":[46],"applications":[47],"make":[48],"traditional,":[49],"costly,":[50],"replication-based":[51],"hardening":[52,62,112,132],"solutions":[53],"inadequate.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"proposes":[57],"an":[58],"effective":[59],"microarchitectural":[60],"selective":[61,111,131,162],"of":[63,87,104,143,154],"GPU":[64,89,106],"modules":[65],"mitigate":[67],"those":[68],"faults":[69,96,144,155],"that":[70,120,130],"affect":[71],"instructions":[72],"correct":[73,139],"execution.":[74],"We":[75,92],"first":[76],"characterize,":[77],"through":[78],"Register-Transfer":[79],"Level":[80],"(RTL)":[81],"fault":[82],"injections,":[83],"architectural":[85],"vulnerabilities":[86],"model":[90],"(FlexGripPlus).":[91],"specifically":[93],"target":[94],"transient":[95],"functional":[99,158],"units":[100],"pipeline":[102,147],"registers":[103,148],"core.":[107],"Then,":[108],"we":[109,121],"apply":[110],"triplicating":[114],"locations":[116],"each":[118],"module":[119],"found":[122],"be":[124],"more":[125],"critical.":[126],"The":[127,160],"results":[128],"show":[129],"using":[133],"Triple":[134],"Modular":[135],"Redundancy":[136],"(TMR)":[137],"can":[138],"85%":[140],"99%":[142],"from":[150],"50%":[151],"100%":[153],"units.":[159],"proposed":[161],"TMR":[163],"strategy":[164],"reduces":[165],"hardware":[167],"overhead":[168],"up":[170],"65%":[172],"when":[173],"compared":[174],"with":[175],"traditional":[176],"TMR.":[177]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3183926457","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-11-12T13:13:56.017480","created_date":"2021-08-02"}