{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T17:51:19Z","timestamp":1723917079193},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI EPSRC Research Software Engineering Fellowship","award":["EP\/V052284\/1"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"This research examines the prevalence of research software as independent records of output within UK academic institutional repositories (IRs). There has been a steep decline in numbers of research software submissions to the UK\u2019s Research Excellence Framework from 2008 to 2021, but there has been no investigation into whether and how the official academic IRs have affected the low return rates. In what we believe to be the first such census of its kind, we queried the 182 online repositories of 157 UK universities. Our findings show that the prevalence of software within UK Academic IRs is incredibly low. Fewer than 28% contain software as recognised academic output. Of greater concern, we found that over 63% of repositories do not currently record software as a type of research output and that several Universities appeared to have removed software as a defined type from default settings of their repository. We also explored potential correlations, such as being a member of the Russell group, but found no correlation between these metadata and prevalence of records of software. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings with regards to the lack of recognition of software as a discrete research output in institutions, despite the opposite being mandated by funders, and we make recommendations for changes in policies and operating procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T09:39:16Z","timestamp":1698831556000},"page":"e1546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Where is all the research software? An analysis of software in UK academic repositories"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Domhnall","family":"Carlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, The Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Austen","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, The Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7604","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/533452a","article-title":"1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility","volume":"533","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-2","article-title":"Budapest open access initiative","author":"BOAI","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-3","article-title":"The Budapest open access initiative: 20th anniversary recommendations","author":"BOAI","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"URLs with query strings for software in UK Academic Institutional Repositories","author":"Carlin","year":"2023","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7947756"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"FAIR4RS community consultation May 2021","author":"Chue\u00a0Hong","year":"2021","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.6637920"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"FAIR principles for research software (FAIR4RS Principles)","author":"Chue\u00a0Hong","year":"2021","DOI":"10.15497\/RDA00068"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-7","article-title":"What does open research mean for the future of the REF? The next REF could better recognise the diversity of roles contributing to research","author":"Cleaver","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52949\/4","article-title":"Encouraging a wider usage of software derived from research","author":"Cl\u00e9ment-Fontaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"HAL Open Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-9","article-title":"Controlled vocabularies for repositories. Resources type: software","author":"COAR","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-10","article-title":"Controlled vocabularies for repositories. Resource Types: research software","author":"COAR","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-11","article-title":"Controlled vocabularies for repositories. Resource Types: source code","author":"COAR","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-12","article-title":"Data, data, data","author":"CORE","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-13","article-title":"The case for institutional repositories: a SPARC position paper","author":"Crow","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-14","article-title":"DCMI metadata terms. Term Name: Software","author":"DCMI","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-15","article-title":"DCMI metadata terms, Term name: Type","author":"DCMI","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-16","article-title":"DCMI metadata terms. Section 7: DCMI Type Vocabulary","author":"DCMI","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-17","article-title":"San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. DORA","author":"Declaration on Research Assessment","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Software publications with rich metadata: state of the art, automated workflows and HERMES concept","author":"Druskat","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2201.09015"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-19","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mapping the research software sustainability space","author":"Druskat","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-20","article-title":"DSpace 7.4 submission-forms.xml","author":"Dspace","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-21","article-title":"EPrints3.4 Named Sets","author":"EPrints","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1023","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1023","article-title":"Nine best practices for research software registries and repositories","volume":"8","author":"Garijo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2019-0040","article-title":"From FAIR research data toward FAIR and open research software","volume":"62","author":"Hasselbring","year":"2020","journal-title":"It-Information Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2020.2998235","article-title":"Open source research software","volume":"53","author":"Hasselbring","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-25","article-title":"Summary of RAE outputs","author":"Hettrick","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-26","article-title":"Mapping RIS fields to Talis Aspire. Talis","author":"Hodson","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4018\/jitwe.2006070102","article-title":"FLOSSmole: a collaborative repository for FLOSS research data and analyses","volume":"1","author":"Howison","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering (IJITWE)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-28","article-title":"pyoai","author":"Infrae","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-29","article-title":"Item types and mapping policy","author":"IRUS-UK","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-30","article-title":"Intute Repository Search (IRS) project","author":"Jisc","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-31","article-title":"Research data management toolkit: software. Jisc","author":"Jisc","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-32","article-title":"XML Schema","author":"Johnston","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-33","article-title":"CodeMeta","author":"Jones","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-34","article-title":"Research software sustainability: WSSSPE & URSSI","author":"Katz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2630v1","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.2630v1","article-title":"Software vs. data in the context of citation","volume":"4","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ Preprints"},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1045\/november2012-knoth","article-title":"CORE: three access levels to underpin open access","volume":"18","author":"Knoth","year":"2012","journal-title":"D-Lib Magazine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3233\/DS-190026","article-title":"Towards FAIR principles for research software","volume":"3","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-38","article-title":"Library of congress linked data service content types","author":"Library of Congress","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1145\/1882362.1882410","article-title":"Software is data too, FoSER \u201910","author":"Marcus","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-40","article-title":"Open Meeting Renaissance Hotel, Washington DC January 23, 2001","author":"OAI","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2019.03.005","article-title":"Research software citation in the Data Citation Index: current practices and implications for research software sharing and reuse","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-42","article-title":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast REF 2021 Code of Practice","author":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-43","article-title":"Use of item types by UK institutional repositories","author":"Reed","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-44","article-title":"Research outputs (REF2) 2014","author":"Research Excellence Framework","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-45","article-title":"Index of revisions to the \u2018Guidance on submissions\u2019 (2019\/01)","author":"Research Excellence Framework","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-46","article-title":"Submitted outputs\u2019 details","author":"Research Excellence Framework","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-47","article-title":"Guidance on REF 2021 results\u2014REF 2021","author":"Research Excellence Framework","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-48","article-title":"RCUK RIOXX application profile version 1.0","author":"Rioxx: The Research Outputs Metadata Schema","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-49","article-title":"RCUK RIOXX application profile version 2.0","author":"Rioxx: The Research Outputs Metadata Schema","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-50","article-title":"Archived from original. Declaration On Research Assessment. San francisco declaration on research assessment","author":"RIS File Format","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-51","article-title":"Forces and functions in scientific communication: an analysis of their interplay","author":"Roosendaal","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-52","article-title":"Russell Group\u2014about","author":"Russell Group","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-53","article-title":"schema.org","author":"Schema.org","year":"2023"},{"issue":"77","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4458","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.04458","article-title":"CiteLang: modeling the research software ecosystem","volume":"7","author":"Sochat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-55","article-title":"\u201cRSE Groups - Society of Research Software Engineering,\u201d Society of Research Software Engineering, Jun. 26, 2023","author":"Society of Research Software Engineering","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-56","article-title":"Rethinking scholarly communication: Building the system that scholars deserve","author":"Sompel","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-57","first-page":"33","article-title":"Research software discovery: an overview","author":"Struck","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-06-2015-0190","article-title":"Figshare: a universal repository for academic resource sharing?","volume":"40","author":"Thelwall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-59","article-title":"Concordat on open research data","author":"UKRI","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-60","article-title":"UKRI open access policy","author":"UKRI Open Research Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-61","article-title":"Rioxx: the research outputs metadata schema version 3.0 release candidate 1","author":"Walk","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111117","article-title":"GitHub repositories with links to academic papers: public access, traceability, and evolution","volume":"183","author":"Wattanakriengkrai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific data"}],"container-title":["PeerJ Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-1546.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-1546.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-1546.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-1546.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T09:39:30Z","timestamp":1698831570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-1546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.1546","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj-cs.1546v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj-cs.1546v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj-cs.1546v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj-cs.1546v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2376-5992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2376-5992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"article-number":"e1546"}}
