This paper, published in large part in Ciaramitaro\u2019s (2011) Virtual Worlds and E-Commerce, reflects how gaming and virtual worlds have impacted on ecommerce in recent years. A dynamic commercial environment with massive growth in user numbers and an overspill into real worlds through gamification, virtual worlds have contributed new language, new ways of engaging customers in branded virtual experiences and new business models. Co-creation and co-production remain central themes within this environment. Convergence between online and offline proceeds apace, facilitated by ever more accessible technological interfaces such as mobile and tablets but also now micro-projection technologies that enable new ways of sharing and engaging. The paper reviews the convergence context and concludes with a discussion of how relationships between customers and businesses have changed, economies have emerged and boundaries between virtual and real have become blurred to form gamified commercial experiences.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jeco.2012040102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1355235593000},"page":"16-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emergence of Gamified Commerce"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tracy","family":"Harwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Creative Technologies, De Montfort University, UK"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jeco.2012040102-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","author":"E. J.Aarseth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cybertext: Perspectives on ergodic literature","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801855788"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7560\/717732-016","article-title":"Mundanes at the gate\u2026 and perverts within: Managing internal and external threats to communities online","author":"S.Abrams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic tribes"},{"issue":"2","key":"jeco.2012040102-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/25148845","article-title":"Outsourcing to an unknown workforce: Exploring opensourcing as a global sourcing strategy.","volume":"32","author":"P. J.Agerfalk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Managing Information Systems Quarterly"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-3","author":"I.Ajzen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-4","unstructured":"Alves, T. R., & Roque, L. (2007, September). Because players pay: The business model influence on MMOG design. In Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association International Conference: Situated Play, Tokyo, Japan (pp. 658-663)."},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-5","unstructured":"Anonymous. (2002). Online gaming industry reports. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.datamonitor.com"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878105282278"},{"issue":"1","key":"jeco.2012040102-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4278999","article-title":"Social identity theory and the organization.","volume":"14","author":"B.Ashforth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7228\/manchester\/9780719063640.001.0001"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90022-L"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10638"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-11","unstructured":"Bedford, C. (1998). LAN parties: It\u2019s a scene baby! Retrieved September 14, 2009, from http:\/\/www.loonygames.com\/content\/1.8\/feat\/index2.php"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02651330810915592"},{"issue":"1","key":"jeco.2012040102-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/968464.968470","article-title":"The experienced \u2018sense\u2019 of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes.","volume":"35","author":"A.Blanchard","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-14","author":"P. M.Blau","year":"1964","journal-title":"Exchange and power in social life"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-15","first-page":"137","article-title":"The five indicia of virtual property.","volume":"5","author":"C.Blazer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pierce Law Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-16","author":"T.Boellstorff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Coming of age in Second Life: An anthropologist explores the virtually human"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-17","unstructured":"Bogost, I. (2011). Gamification is bullshit. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bogost.com\/blog\/gamification_is_bullshit.shtml"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-18","unstructured":"Book, B. (2004, October 28-30). In moving beyond the game: Social virtual worlds. In Proceedings of the Culture of Play Conference: State of Play 2: Reloaded."},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203299968"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-20","author":"R.Callois","year":"1957","journal-title":"Les jeux et les homes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-21","first-page":"1","article-title":"The play\u2019s the thing: A theory of taxing virtual worlds.","volume":"59","author":"B. T.Camp","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Hastings Law Journal"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-22","author":"E.Castronova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Synthetic worlds: The business and culture of online games"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809105346"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2011.05.007"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-25","author":"H.Chesbrough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Open business models"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.308"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","author":"B.Ciaramitaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virtual worlds and e-commerce","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61692-808-7"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7560\/717732-012","article-title":"Like a neighbourhood of sisters: Can culture be formed electronically","author":"D.Clark Vance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic tribes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-29","unstructured":"Claro, M. (2007). Video games and education. Retrieved September 14, 2009, from http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dataoecd\/14\/60\/39548100.pdf"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/228943"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-31","author":"B.Cova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Consumer tribes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-32","author":"M.Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Beyond boredom and anxiety"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-33","author":"T.Davenport","year":"2001","journal-title":"The attention economy"},{"issue":"20","key":"jeco.2012040102-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00183","article-title":"Avatars, people and virtual worlds: Foundations for research in metaverses.","volume":"10","author":"A.Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/imms.1993.1022"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.280"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-39","unstructured":"Dibbell, J. (1993). A rape in cyberspace. Retrieved September 10, 2009, from http:\/\/www.juliandibbell.com\/texts\/bungle.html"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-40","author":"A.Farhoomand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Global eCommerce"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1060.0242"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-42","article-title":"Civilization and its discontents: Simulation, subjectivity and space","author":"T.Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"On a silver platter"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-43","author":"C.Garvey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Play"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-44","author":"D.Gelernter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mirror worlds: Or the day software puts the university in a shoebox\u2026 How it will happen and what it will mean"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-45","author":"S.Godin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tribes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-46","first-page":"131","article-title":"The centrality of interpersonal trust in group processes","author":"R. T.Golembiewski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Theories of group processes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00907320710729373"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-48","author":"J.Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Their space: Education for a digital generation"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240802701643"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09555340810886585"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0202"},{"issue":"3","key":"jeco.2012040102-52","first-page":"134","article-title":"The real value of on-line communities.","volume":"74","author":"J.Hagel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6653(199924)13:1<55::AID-DIR5>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"issue":"2","key":"jeco.2012040102-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2001.11044235","article-title":"What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology.","volume":"6","author":"D.Harrison McKnight","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219877006000661"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-56","unstructured":"Hine, C. (200). Virtual ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1251841"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10929"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-59","unstructured":"Huotari, K., & Hamari, J. (2011). \u2018Gamification\u2019 from the perspective of service marketing. In Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction Workshop: Gamification."},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-60","unstructured":"Jarok. (1998). Guide to toleplaying. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from http:\/\/www.tharsis-gate.org\/articles\/imaginary\/GUIDET~1.HTM"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-61","author":"J.Juul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Half-real: Video games between real rules and fictional worlds"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-62","author":"A.Kametsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virtual worlds moving towards the \u2018multiverse\u2019 era"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-63","article-title":"Virtual communities in banking customer retention","author":"D.Kardaras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of virtual communities and technologies"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-64","author":"R. V.Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: The people, the addiction and the playing experience"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1362\/026725708X306167"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-009-9206-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"jeco.2012040102-67","first-page":"20","article-title":"E-tribalized marketing? The strategic implication of virtual communities of consumption.","volume":"29","author":"R.Kozinets","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0310"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.569"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-70","author":"E.Lawrence","year":"2003","journal-title":"Internet commerce: Digital models for business"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-71","author":"C.Leadbeater","year":"2009","journal-title":"We-Think"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838150701626511"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-009-9028-2"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-74","author":"C.Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Groundswell: Winning in a world transformed by social technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"jeco.2012040102-75","first-page":"10","article-title":"Real-time performance: Machinima and games studies.","volume":"2","author":"H.Lowood","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Digital Media and Arts Journal"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1386\/jmpr.7.1.25\/1"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593106066781"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-78","author":"D. C.Lynch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Internet system handbook"},{"issue":"3","key":"jeco.2012040102-79","article-title":"iTax: An analysis of the laws and policies behind the taxation of property transactions in a virtual world.","volume":"60","author":"D. J.Mack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Administrative Law Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","author":"M.Montola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pervasive games: Theory and design","DOI":"10.1201\/9780080889795"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1252308"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-82","unstructured":"Mulligan, J. (1999). History of online games. Retrieved September 14, 2009, from http:\/\/www.tharsis-gate.org\/articles\/imaginary\/HISTOR~1.HTM"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7560\/717732-015","article-title":"Magic, myth and mayhem: Tribalization in the digital age","author":"L.Naughton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic tribes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","author":"J.Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Videogames","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203642900"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.110"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-86","unstructured":"Noane, E. (2008). One avatar, many worlds: Companies want to let users carry their avatar identities online. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved September 25, 2009, from http:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/web\/20529\/page1\/"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-87","unstructured":"Nuttall, C. (2008). Second Life\u2019s maiden voyage across the metaverse. Financial Times. Retrieved July, 8, 2008, from http:\/\/blogs.ft.com\/techbloc\/2008\/07\/second-life-maiden-voyage-across-the-metaverse\/"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-88","author":"M.O\u2019Neil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyber chiefs: Autonomy and authority in online tribes"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2007.04.007"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-90","unstructured":"Pargman, D., & Jakobsson, P. (2006, October 4-8). The magic is gone: A critical examination of the gaming situation. In Proceedings of the Mediaterra: Gaming Realities, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-91","unstructured":"Perry, D. (2009). How video games can sweep in the cash. Business Week. Retrieved September, 22, 2009, from http:\/\/images.businessweek.com\/ss\/08\/08\/0815_make_money_from_games\/1.htm"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-92","unstructured":"Polsson, K. (2009). Chronology of video game systems. Retrieved September 20, 2009, from http:\/\/www.islandnet.com\/~kpolsson\/vidgame\/vid2007.htm"},{"issue":"4","key":"jeco.2012040102-93","first-page":"12","article-title":"The new frontier of experience innovation.","volume":"44","author":"C. K.Prahalad","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"jeco.2012040102-94","first-page":"141","article-title":"Managing in the market-space.","volume":"72","author":"J. F.Rayport","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-95","author":"H.Rheingold","year":"1993","journal-title":"The virtual community: Homesteading in the electronic frontier"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-563-4.ch097"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-98","author":"M.Rymaszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Second Life: The official guide"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-99","author":"K.Salen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rules of play: Game design fundamentals"},{"issue":"2","key":"jeco.2012040102-100","first-page":"9","article-title":"A social history of virtual worlds.","volume":"45","author":"J.Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Library Technology Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"jeco.2012040102-101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/41166052","article-title":"Communities of creation: Managing distributed innovation in turbulent markets.","volume":"42","author":"M.Sawhney","year":"2000","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021049"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-007-9055-4"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-104","author":"T. P.Seto","year":"2008","journal-title":"When is a game only a game? The taxation of virtual worlds (Legal Studies Paper No. 2008-24)"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.16.4.337"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00084"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-107","article-title":"Virtual community models in relation to e-business models","author":"L. M.Shan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of virtual communities and technologies"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-108","unstructured":"Smart, J., Cascio, J., & Paffendorf, J. (2007). Metaverse roadmap: Pathways to the 3D web. Retrieved September, 19, 2009, from http:\/\/www.metaverseroadmap.org"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0965254X.2011.557742"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-110","author":"N.Stephenson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Snow crash"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-111","author":"J.Strauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"E-marketing"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332860802067706"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-113","author":"T. L.Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.68.1.1.24036"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0069-6"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03090569810224065"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.2.209.14992"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2011.39.5.671"},{"issue":"4","key":"jeco.2012040102-119","first-page":"81","article-title":"Four smart ways to run online communities.","volume":"41","author":"R. L.Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-120","author":"M.Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"The medium of the video game"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-121","author":"G.Zichermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps"},{"key":"jeco.2012040102-122","first-page":"241","article-title":"Enjoyment from sports spectatorship","author":"D.Zillman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sports, games and play"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=70212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T18:18:32Z","timestamp":1687889912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jeco.2012040102"}},"subtitle":["Turning Virtual to Real"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jeco.2012040102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-2937","1539-2929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-2937","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-2929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}}}