{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:30:52Z","timestamp":1722645052775},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2800300"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20395"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"In the deep-sea environment, the volume available for an in-situ gene sequencer is severely limited. In addition, optical imaging systems are subject to real-time, large-scale defocusing problems caused by ambient temperature fluctuations and vibrational perturbations. To address these challenges, we propose an edge detection algorithm for defocused images based on grayscale gradients and establish a defocus state detection model with nanometer resolution capabilities by relying on the inherent critical illumination light field. The model has been applied to a prototype deep-sea gene sequencing microscope with a 20\u00d7 objective. It has demonstrated the ability to focus within a dynamic range of \u00b140 \u03bcm with an accuracy of 200 nm by a single iteration within 160 ms. By increasing the number of iterations and exposures, the focusing accuracy can be refined to 78 nm within a dynamic range of \u00b1100 \u03bcm within 1.2 s. Notably, unlike conventional photoelectric hill-climbing, this method requires no additional hardware and meets the wide dynamic range, speed, and high-accuracy autofocusing requirements of deep-sea gene sequencing in a compact form factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T20:14:58Z","timestamp":1722629698000},"page":"5010","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Rapid Nanofocusing Method for a Deep-Sea Gene Sequencing Microscope Based on Critical Illumination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7622-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Fengfeng","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Yihui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Shixun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, M., Gai, Y., Guo, X., Hou, Y., and Zeng, R. 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