{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T16:18:31Z","timestamp":1726762711251},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["Grant No: R56 DK113819 and R01 DK127310","Cooperative Agreement 58-3092-5-001"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Contract ID: OPP1171395)"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Knowing the amounts of energy and nutrients in an individual\u2019s diet is important for maintaining health and preventing chronic diseases. As electronic and AI technologies advance rapidly, dietary assessment can now be performed using food images obtained from a smartphone or a wearable device. One of the challenges in this approach is to computationally measure the volume of food in a bowl from an image. This problem has not been studied systematically despite the bowl being the most utilized food container in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Africa. In this paper, we present a new method to measure the size and shape of a bowl by adhering a paper ruler centrally across the bottom and sides of the bowl and then taking an image. When observed from the image, the distortions in the width of the paper ruler and the spacings between ruler markers completely encode the size and shape of the bowl. A computational algorithm is developed to reconstruct the three-dimensional bowl interior using the observed distortions. Our experiments using nine bowls, colored liquids, and amorphous foods demonstrate high accuracy of our method for food volume estimation involving round bowls as containers. A total of 228 images of amorphous foods were also used in a comparative experiment between our algorithm and an independent human estimator. The results showed that our algorithm overperformed the human estimator who utilized different types of reference information and two estimation methods, including direct volume estimation and indirect estimation through the fullness of the bowl.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T03:44:47Z","timestamp":1644983087000},"page":"1493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Novel Approach to Dining Bowl Reconstruction for Image-Based Food Volume Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Yiqiu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britney","family":"Beatrice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Jingda","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Shunxin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Zekun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5080-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benny","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7048-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan A.","family":"McCrory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Sazonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Steiner-Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon Boundary, Accra LG 1181, Ghana"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Lora E.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"given":"Mingui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madival, S.A., and Jawaligi, S.S. 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