{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T07:53:09Z","timestamp":1725695589018},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"We introduce SodSAR, a fully polarimetric tower-based wide frequency (1\u201310 GHz) range Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aimed at snow, soil and vegetation studies. The instrument is located in the Arctic Space Centre of the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Sodankyl\u00e4, Finland. The system is based on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)-operated scatterometer mounted on a rail allowing the formation of SAR images, including interferometric pairs separated by a temporal baseline. We present the description of the radar, the applied SAR focusing technique, the radar calibration and measurement stability analysis. Measured stability of the backscattering intensity over a three-month period was observed to be better than 0.5 dB, when measuring a target with a known radar cross section. Deviations of the estimated target range were in the order of a few cm over the same period, indicating also good stability of the measured phase. Interforometric SAR (InSAR) capabilities are also discussed, and as a example, the coherence of subsequent SAR acquisitions over the observed boreal forest stand are analyzed over increasing temporal baselines. The analysis shows good conservation of coherence in particular at L-band, while higher frequencies are susceptible to loss of coherence in particular for dense vegetation. The potential of the instrument for satellite calibration and validation activities is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T16:50:34Z","timestamp":1606150234000},"page":"6702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["SodSAR: A Tower-Based 1\u201310 GHz SAR System for Snow, Soil and Vegetation Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Jorge Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risto","family":"Vehmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343 Wachtberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Lemmetyinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Josu","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harp Technologies Ltd., Tekniikantie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Lahtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harp Technologies Ltd., Tekniikantie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Lehtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harp Technologies Ltd., Tekniikantie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kontu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimmo","family":"Rautiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Riku","family":"Tarvainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouni","family":"Pulliainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin Aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jaan","family":"Praks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.09.011","article-title":"Seasat\u2014A 25-year legacy of success","volume":"94","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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