{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T18:25:16Z","timestamp":1732040716080},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Dilijan National Park is one of the most important national parks of Armenia, established in 2002 to protect its rich biodiversity of flora and fauna and to prevent illegal logging. The aim of this study is to provide first, a mapping of forest degradation and deforestation, and second, of land cover\/land use changes every 5 years over a 28-year monitoring cycle from 1991 to 2019, using Sentinel-2 and Landsat time series and Machine Learning methods. Very High Spatial Resolution imagery was used for calibration and validation purposes of forest density modelling and related changes. Correlation coefficient R2 between forest density map and reference values ranges from 0.70 for the earliest epoch to 0.90 for the latest one. Land cover\/land use classification yield good results with most classes showing high users\u2019 and producers\u2019 accuracies above 80%. Although forest degradation and deforestation which initiated about 30 years ago was restrained thanks to protection measures, anthropogenic pressure remains a threat with the increase in settlements, tourism, or agriculture. This case study can be used as a decision-support tool for the Armenian Government for sustainable forest management and policies and serve as a model for a future nationwide forest monitoring system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T16:18:31Z","timestamp":1627402711000},"page":"2942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and Application of Earth Observation Based Machine Learning Methods for Characterizing Forest and Land Cover Change in Dilijan National Park of Armenia between 1991 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Morin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, 61 rue de la Cimaise, Green Park\u2013B\u00e2timent C, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, 61 rue de la Cimaise, Green Park\u2013B\u00e2timent C, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Sannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, 61 rue de la Cimaise, Green Park\u2013B\u00e2timent C, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Siklar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVille Information Systems and Data Processing GmbH, Sparkassenplatz 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Kiesslich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVille Information Systems and Data Processing GmbH, Sparkassenplatz 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Hovik","family":"Sayadyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Development Programme, 14 Petros Adamyan Street, Yerevan 0010, Armenia"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Faucqueur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, 61 rue de la Cimaise, Green Park\u2013B\u00e2timent C, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Seewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVille Information Systems and Data Processing GmbH, Sparkassenplatz 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). Nationally Designated Protected Areas of the Republic of Armenia. Available online: https:\/\/eni-seis.eionet.europa.eu\/east\/indicators\/d1-nationally-designated-protected-areas-of-the-republic-of-armenia."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.12.030","article-title":"The World Bank Improving Environmental and Natural Resource Policies: Power, Deregulation, and Privatization in (Post-Soviet) Armenia","volume":"92","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Nazik, K. (2021, July 23). Specially Protected Areas of Armenia. Yerevan Tigran Mets, Available online: http:\/\/www.nature-ic.am\/Content\/announcements\/7337\/SPAN_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). First National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, incorporating a Country Study on the Biodiversity of Armenia, Ministry of Nature Protection. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/world\/am\/am-nr-01-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). Sixth National Report of the Republic of Armenia, Convention on Biological Diversity. Available online: https:\/\/ace.aua.am\/files\/2019\/05\/2019-6th-National-Report-CBD_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment of RA (2021, July 23). Available online: http:\/\/mnp.am\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.024","article-title":"A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data","volume":"122","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.030","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of forest disturbance using all available Landsat imagery","volume":"122","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglada, J., Vincent, A., Arias, M., Tardy, B., Morin, D., and Rodes, I. (2017). Operational High Resolution Land Cover Map Production at the Country Scale Using Satellite Image Time Series. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010095"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.010","article-title":"Assessing the robustness of random forests to map land cover with high resolution satellite image time series over large areas","volume":"187","author":"Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.015","article-title":"Using the regression estimator with Landsat data to estimate proportion forest cover and net proportion deforestation in Gabon","volume":"151","author":"Sannier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). UNDP in Armenia. Available online: https:\/\/www.am.undp.org\/content\/armenia\/en\/home\/projects\/mainstreaming-sustainable-land-and-forest-management-in-mountain.html."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merciol, F., Faucqueur, L., Damodaran, B.B., R\u00e9my, P.Y., Descl\u00e9e, B., Dazin, F., and Sannier, C. (2019). Geobia at the terapixel scale: Toward efficient mapping of small woody features from heterogeneous vhr scenes. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010046"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faucqueur, L., Morin, N., Masse, A., R\u00e9my, P.Y., Hug\u00e9, J., Kemener, C., Dazin, F., Descl\u00e9e, B., and Sannier, C. (2019). A new Copernicus high resolution layer at pan-European scale: The small woody features. Remote Sens. Agric. Ecosyst. Hydrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2532853"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2235","article-title":"Algorithm for detecting deforestation and forest degradation using vegetation indices","volume":"17","author":"Nitya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telkomnika"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2071844","article-title":"Estimating Global Cropland Extent with Multi-year MODIS Data","volume":"2","author":"Pittman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","article-title":"Random forests for land cover classification","volume":"27","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.015","article-title":"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change","volume":"148","author":"Olofsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Nilsson, S., Sallnas, O., Hugosson, M., and Shvidenko, A. (1992). The Forest Resources of the Former European USSR, The Parthenon Publishing Group Limited."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892906002852","article-title":"Forest policies, management and conservation in Soviet (1920\u20131991) and post-Soviet (1991\u20132005) Armenia","volume":"33","author":"Sayadyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nils, J., and Emily, F. Understanding the Forestry Sector of Armenia: Current Conditions and Choices. Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Program."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/2942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T04:13:16Z","timestamp":1721103196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/2942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13152942"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13152942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}}}
