{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T13:51:57Z","timestamp":1724939517587},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"On the purpose of detecting communities, many algorithms have been proposed for the disjointed community sets. The major challenge of detecting communities from the real-world problems is to determine the overlapped communities. The overlapped vertices belong to some communities, so it is difficult to be detected using the modularity maximization approach. The major problem is that the overlapping structure barely be found by maximizing the fuzzy modularity function. In this paper, we firstly introduce a node weight allocation problem to formulate the overlapping property in the community detection. We propose an extension of modularity, which is a better measure for overlapping communities based on reweighting nodes, to design the proposed algorithm. We use the genetic algorithm for solving the node weight allocation problem and detecting the overlapping communities. To fit the properties of various instances, we introduce three refinement strategies to increase the solution quality. In the experiments, the proposed method is applied on both synthetic and real networks, and the results show that the proposed solution can detect the nontrivial valuable overlapping nodes which might be ignored by other algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T13:24:49Z","timestamp":1595856289000},"page":"819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detecting Overlapping Communities in Modularity Optimization by Reweighting Vertices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0042-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Kun","family":"Tsung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hann-Jang","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Digital Media, WuFeng University, Chiayi County 62153, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Tien-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Sing-Ling","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Using Google AdWords in the MBA MIS course","volume":"20","author":"Rosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inf. Syst. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.05.034","article-title":"Memetic algorithm with simulated annealing strategy and tightness greedy optimization for community detection in networks","volume":"34","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2012.11.003","article-title":"Community detection based on modularity and an improved genetic algorithm","volume":"392","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.06.015","article-title":"A multi-objective genetic algorithm for overlapping community detection based on edge encoding","volume":"462","author":"Camacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2015.12.126","article-title":"A multi-agent genetic algorithm for community detection in complex networks","volume":"449","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s40314-015-0260-1","article-title":"Overlapping community detection in complex networks using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm","volume":"36","author":"Yuxin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakya, H.K., Singh, K., and Biswas, B. (2017, January 17\u201318). An efficient genetic algorithm for fuzzy community detection in social network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Informatics for Computing Research, Punjab, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5780-9_6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04487-0","article-title":"Genetic algorithm-based community detection in large-scale social networks","volume":"32","author":"Behera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.12.019","article-title":"Fuzzy clustering in community detection based on nonnegative matrix factorization with two novel evaluation criteria","volume":"69","author":"Binesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2019.07.021","article-title":"A type-2 fuzzy community detection model in large-scale social networks considering two-layer graphs","volume":"90","author":"Naderipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.02.041","article-title":"Implementation of an intelligent indoor environmental monitoring and management system in cloud","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Generat. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026113","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.026113","article-title":"Finding and evaluating community structure in networks","volume":"69","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brandes, U., Delling, D., Gaertler, M., Goerke, R., Hoefer, M., Nikoloski, Z., and Wagner, D. (2006). Maximizing Modularity is hard. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066118","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.066118","article-title":"Enhanced modularity-based community detection by random walk network preprocessing","volume":"81","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Sun, H., Han, J., Deng, H., Sun, Y., and Liu, Y. (2010, January 26\u201330). SHRINK: A Structural Clustering Algorithm for Detecting Hierarchical Communities in Networks. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871469"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.130602","article-title":"Community detection in scale-free networks: Approximation algorithms for maximizing modularity","volume":"31","author":"Dinh","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605965104","article-title":"Resolution limit in community detection","volume":"104","author":"Fortunato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053039","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/10\/5\/053039","article-title":"Analysis of the structure of complex networks at different resolution levels","volume":"10","author":"Arenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066133","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066133","article-title":"Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks","volume":"69","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.066111","article-title":"Moore, C. Finding community structure in very large networks","volume":"70","author":"Clauset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.036104","article-title":"Finding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices","volume":"74","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, S., and Smyth, P. (2005, January 21\u201323). A spectral clustering approach to finding communities in graph. Proceedings of the SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972757.25"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0036111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.036111","article-title":"Spectral Tripartitioning of Networks","volume":"80","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03288","article-title":"Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks","volume":"433","author":"Guimera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2008-00425-1","article-title":"Modularity-maximizing graph communities via mathematical programming","volume":"66","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"EPJB"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03024","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2009\/03\/P03024","article-title":"Extending the definition of modularity to directed graphs with overlapping communities","volume":"2009","author":"Nicosia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016110","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.016110","article-title":"Statistical mechanics of community detection","volume":"74","author":"Reichardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2010-00290-3","article-title":"Fuzzy modularity and fuzzy community structure in networks","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2010.05.046","article-title":"Detecting overlapping communities of weighted networks via a local algorithm","volume":"389","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07042","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2009\/07\/P07042","article-title":"Quantifying and identifying the overlapping community structure in networks","volume":"2009","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choong, J.J., Liu, X., and Murata, T. (2020). Optimizing Variational Graph Autoencoder for Community Detection with Dual Optimization. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22020197"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezeh, C., Tao, R., Zhe, L., Yiqun, W., and Ying, Q. (2019). Multi-Type Node Detection in Network Communities. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21121237"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016107","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.77.016107","article-title":"Fuzzy communities and the concept of bridgeness in complex networks","volume":"77","author":"Nepusz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.14232\/actacyb.20.1.2011.6","article-title":"Community detection by using the extended modularity","volume":"20","author":"Griechisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Cybern."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.08.008","article-title":"Accessing medical image file with co-allocation HDFS in cloud","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Generat. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0777-5","article-title":"Implementation of a big data accessing and processing platform for medical records in cloud","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-169977","article-title":"Optimized fuzzy-based group recommendation with parallel computation","volume":"36","author":"Natarajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., and Leskovec, J. (2013, January 4\u20138). Overlapping Community Detection at Scale: A Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Approach. Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433471"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and community structure in networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.33.4.3629752","article-title":"An information flow model for conflict and fission in small groups","volume":"33","author":"Zachary","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anthropolog. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Krebs, V. (2015, February 01). Available online: http:\/\/www.orgnet.com\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122653799","article-title":"Community structure in social and biological networks","volume":"99","author":"Girvan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., and Fleury, E. (2011). Uncovering overlapping community structure. Complex Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25501-4_18"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/8\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T13:05:41Z","timestamp":1719839141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/22\/8\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["e22080819"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/e22080819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]}}}
