{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T16:11:51Z","timestamp":1726762311769},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJER1401"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H05691"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"In recent years, communication robots aiming to offer mental support to the elderly have attracted increasing attention. Dialogue systems consisting of two robots could provide the elderly with opportunities to hold longer conversations in care homes. In this study, we conducted an experiment to compare two types of scenario-based dialogue systems with different types of bodies\u2014physical and virtual robots\u2014to investigate the effects of embodying such dialogue systems. Forty elderly people aged from 65 to 84 interacted with either an embodied desktop-sized humanoid robot or computer graphic agent displayed on a monitor. The elderly participants were divided into groups depending on the success of the interactions. The results revealed that (i) in the group where the robots responded more successfully with the expected conversation flow, the elderly are more engaged in the conversation with the physical robots than the virtual robots, and (ii) the elderly in the group in which robots responded successfully are more engaged in the conversation with the physical robots than those in the group in which the robots responded with ambiguous responses owing to unexpected utterances from the elderly. These results suggest that having a physical body is advantageous in promoting high engagement, and the potential advantage appears depending on whether the system can handle the conversation flow. These findings provide new insight into the development of dialogue systems assisting elderly in maintaining a better mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.633045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T17:53:07Z","timestamp":1616435587000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Effects of Physically Embodied Multiple Conversation Robots on the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Nishio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Iio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Asami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Isoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0468-5","article-title":"Multiple-robot conversational patterns for concealing incoherent responses","volume":"10","author":"Arimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596","article-title":"Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness","volume":"63","author":"Aron","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx103","article-title":"Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents","volume":"185","author":"Berkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300705","article-title":"What makes a good conversation?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Clark","year":"2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843618500068","article-title":"Emotional storytelling using virtual and robotic agents","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Humanoid Robot."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.317","article-title":"Give me a hug:\u201d the effects of touch and autonomy on people's responses to embodied social agents","volume":"20","author":"Cramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Anim. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.030","article-title":"Sharing a life with harvey: exploring the acceptance of and relationship-building with a social robot","volume":"43","author":"de Graaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1561\/2300000056","article-title":"Embodiment in socially interactive robots","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Found. Trends Robot."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.2.2.Fasola","article-title":"A socially assistive robot exercise coach for the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Fasola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Robot Interact."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00281-W","article-title":"Marital status and health among the elderly","volume":"40","author":"Goldman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","article-title":"Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: the almere model","volume":"2","author":"Heerink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/HCI2009.54","article-title":"Measuring the influence of social abilities on acceptance of an interface robot and a screen agent by elderly users","author":"Heerink","year":"2009","journal-title":"People and Computers XXIII Celebrating People and Technology - Proceedings of HCI 2009"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.04.007","article-title":"Investigating the effects of physical and virtual embodiment in task-oriented and conversational contexts","volume":"71","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0002-2","article-title":"Where robots and virtual agents meet","volume":"1","author":"Holz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00587-y","article-title":"Human-like guide robot that proactively explains exhibits","volume":"12","author":"Iio","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041522","article-title":"Twin-robot dialogue system with robustness against speech recognition failure in human-robot dialogue with elderly people","volume":"10","author":"Iio","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2017.p0675","article-title":"Retaining human-robots conversation: comparing single robot to multiple robots in a real event","volume":"21","author":"Iio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Informatics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/272874.272877","article-title":"Steve","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACM SIGART Bull."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2004.1389967","article-title":"Effect of a robot on user perceptions","volume-title":"2004 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566), Vol. 4","author":"Kidd","year":"2004"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2008.26.2.169","article-title":"Anthropomorphic interactions with a robot and robot\u2013like agent","volume":"26","author":"Kiesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Conversational assistants for elderly users\u2014the importance of socially cooperative dialogue1017\n KoppS.\n CyraK.\n KummertF.\n SchillingmannL.\n BrandtM.\n FreigangF.\n CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 23382018"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"329","article-title":"A conversational agent as museum guide\u2014design and evaluation of a real-world application","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 3661","author":"Kopp","year":"2005"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002","article-title":"Are physically embodied social agents better than disembodied social agents?: the effects of physical embodiment, tactile interaction, and people's loneliness in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600646","article-title":"Are emotional robots more fun to play with?","volume-title":"RO-MAN 2008\u2014The 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (77\u201382)","author":"Leite","year":"2008"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001","article-title":"The benefit of being physically present: a survey of experimental works comparing copresent robots, telepresent robots, and virtual agents","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.005","article-title":"Social robots and virtual agents as lecturers for video instruction","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.08.007","article-title":"Persuasive robotic assistant for health self-management of older adults: design and evaluation of social behaviors","volume":"68","author":"Looije","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Compu. Stud."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"454","article-title":"Maintaining the identity of dynamically embodied agents","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 3661","author":"Martin","year":"2005"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2006.314397","article-title":"Task structure and user attributes as elements of human-robot interaction design","volume-title":"ROMAN 2006\u2014The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication","author":"Mutlu","year":"2006"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2003.1249720","article-title":"The mobot museum robot installations: a five year experiment","volume-title":"Proceedings 2003 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453)","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2003"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1253","article-title":"ICat, the chess player: the influence of embodiment in the enjoyment of a game","author":"Pereira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1993","article-title":"Loneliness in older persons","volume":"172","author":"Perissinotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Pearl: a mobile robotic assistant for the elderly","volume-title":"Workshop on Automation as Eldercare","author":"Pollack","year":"2002"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451824","article-title":"Results of a real world trial with a mobile social service robot for older adults","volume-title":"2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Vol. 2016","author":"Pripfl","year":"2016"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"103","article-title":"The role of physical embodiment of a therapist robot for individuals with cognitive impairments","volume-title":"RO-MAN 2009\u2013The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication","author":"Tapus","year":"2009"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"World Population Prospects 20192019"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020207","article-title":"Towards robot autonomy in group conversations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Vol. Part F1271","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2017"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"872","article-title":"Embodiment and human-robot interaction: a task-based perspective","volume-title":"RO-MAN 2007\u2013The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication","author":"Wainer","year":"2007"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6710-5_13","article-title":"The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E.","volume-title":"Parsing the Turing Test","author":"Wallace","year":"2009"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/365153.365168","article-title":"ELIZA\u2014a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine","volume":"9","author":"Weizenbaum","year":"1966","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2010.483646","article-title":"Difficulties in automatic speech recognition of dysarthric speakers and implications for speech-based applications used by the elderly: a literature review","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"7583\n ZiemkeT.\n \u201cAre robots embodied?\u201d Lund University Cognitive Studies2001"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Robotics and AI"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.633045\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T17:53:22Z","timestamp":1616435602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.633045\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frobt.2021.633045"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.633045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]}}}
