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Using anatomical MRI and three-dimensional reconstruction of cortical folds, we investigated the effect that ACC sulcal pattern may have on the Stroop score, a classical behavioral index of CC efficiency, in 5-year-old preschoolers. We found higher CC efficiency, that is, lower Stroop interference scores for both RTs and error rates, in children with asymmetrical ACC sulcal pattern (i.e., different pattern in each hemisphere) compared with children with symmetrical pattern (i.e., same pattern in both hemispheres). Critically, ACC sulcal pattern had no effect on performance in the forward and backward digit span tasks suggesting that ACC sulcal pattern contributes to the executive ability to resolve conflicts but not to the ability to maintain and manipulate information in working memory. This finding provides the first evidence that preschoolers' CC efficiency is likely associated with ACC sulcal pattern, thereby suggesting that the brain shape could result in early constraints on human executive ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,5]],"date-time":"2013-08-05T14:45:39Z","timestamp":1375713939000},"page":"96-106","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Shape of the ACC Contributes to Cognitive Control Efficiency in Preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Cachia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1CNRS U3521, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France"},{"name":"2Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1CNRS U3521, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France"},{"name":"2Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1CNRS U3521, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France"},{"name":"2Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Computer-Assisted Neuroimaging Laboratory, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, Gif\/Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Arlette","family":"Pineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Universit\u00e9 Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mangin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Computer-Assisted Neuroimaging Laboratory, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, 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