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This paper assesses this suggestion, contrasting it with the concepts of IT artefact and IS application as introduced in the prior IS literature. After this conceptual analysis, the paper discusses the relationships between an IS artefact and design and between an IS artefact and design science. The analysis concludes that an IS artefact is problematic as a unit of design because of the great differences in the designability of its constituent parts. Instead, the paper maintains that an IS application is more appropriate as a unit of design, but an IS artefact may be fruitful as an analytical concept to be used in behavioural science research on the interplay of IT artefact, information artefact and social artefact, or \u2013 especially if including IS application design \u2013 in action research\u2010oriented design science research. \u00a9 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T01:04:45Z","timestamp":1472778285000},"page":"753-774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Information system artefact or information system application: that is the question"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Juhani","family":"Iivari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Processing Science University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.20146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.20200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2004.00475.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.3.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-010-0118-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036527"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38:3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Re\u2010emergence of Emergence: The Emergenist Hypothesis from Science to Religion","author":"Chalmers D.J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Systems Thinking, Systems Practice","author":"Checkland P.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"244","volume-title":"The Re\u2010emergence of Emergence: The Emergenist Hypothesis from Science to Religion","author":"Clayton P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-010-9726-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/074793601750357196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.211.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240590895937"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"836","article-title":"Defining and addressing the risk of undesirable emergent properties","author":"Ferreira S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Systems Conferene (SysCon)"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"The anatomy of a design theory","volume":"8","author":"Gregor S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the AIS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Emergence: From Chaos to Order","author":"Holland J.H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.03320","article-title":"Perspectives on emergence in information systems research","volume":"33","author":"Hovorka D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/DESI_a_00320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Iivari J.(1983)Contributions to the theoretical foundations of systemeering research and the PIOCO model Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Ser. 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