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Med."],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Lung cancer screening using computed tomography (CT) has increased the detection rate of small pulmonary nodules and early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. It would be clinically meaningful to accurate assessment of the nodule histology by CT scans with advanced deep learning algorithms. However, recent studies mainly focus on predicting benign and malignant nodules, lacking of model for the risk stratification of invasive adenocarcinoma. We propose an ensemble multi-view 3D convolutional neural network (EMV-3D-CNN) model to study the risk stratification of lung adenocarcinoma. We include 1075 lung nodules (\u226430\u2009mm and \u22654\u2009mm) with preoperative thin-section CT scans and definite pathology confirmed by surgery. Our model achieves a state-of-art performance of 91.3% and 92.9% AUC for diagnosis of benign\/malignant and pre-invasive\/invasive nodules, respectively. Importantly, our model outperforms senior doctors in risk stratification of invasive adenocarcinoma with 77.6% accuracy [i.e., Grades 1, 2, 3]). It provides detailed predictive histological information for the surgical management of pulmonary nodules. Finally, for user-friendly access, the proposed model is implemented as a web-based system (https:\/\/seeyourlung.com.cn<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00866-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T04:01:39Z","timestamp":1688529699000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An ensemble deep learning model for risk stratification of invasive lung adenocarcinoma using thin-slice CT"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Handie","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hansheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Longyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6364-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"866_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung, H. et al. 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