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Through a set of complementary studies, we aim to understand how SPI has changed in times of agile software development. Specifically, we aim (a) to identify and characterize the set of publications that connect elements of agility to SPI, (b) to explore to which extent agile methods\/practices have been used in the context of SPI, and (c) to understand whether the topics addressed in the literature are relevant and useful for industry professionals. To study these questions, we conducted an in\u2010depth analysis of the literature identified in a previous mapping study, an interview study, and an analysis of the responses given by industry professionals to SPI\u2010related questions stemming from an independently conducted survey study. Regarding the first question, we identified 55 publications that focus on both SPI and agility of which 48 present and discuss how agile methods\/practices are used to steer SPI initiatives. Regarding the second question, we found that the two most frequently mentioned agile methods in the context of SPI are Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP), while the most frequently mentioned agile practices are integrate often<\/jats:italic>, test\u2010first<\/jats:italic>, daily meeting<\/jats:italic>, pair programming<\/jats:italic>, retrospective<\/jats:italic>, on\u2010site customer<\/jats:italic>, and product backlog<\/jats:italic>. Regarding the third question, we found that a majority of the interviewed and surveyed industry professionals see SPI as a continuous activity. They agree with the agile SPI literature that agile methods\/practices play an important role in SPI activities but that the importance given to specific agile methods\/practices does not always coincide with the frequency with which these methods\/practices are mentioned in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.2182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T06:26:43Z","timestamp":1567146403000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How has SPI changed in times of agile development? Results from a multi\u2010method study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Steffen","family":"K\u00fcpper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Software Systems Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Goslar Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dietmar","family":"Pfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science University of Tartu Tartu Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}]},{"given":"Kristjan","family":"J\u00fcrisoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science University of Tartu Tartu Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Diebold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process Engineering Fraunhofer IESE Kaiserslautern Germany"},{"name":"Bagilstein GmbH Mainz Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"M\u00fcnch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herman Hollerith Center Reutlingen University B\u00f6blingen Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Kuhrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics University of Passau Passau Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Managing the Software Process","author":"Humphrey Watts S","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24291-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1670(200003)5:1<45::AID-SPIP110>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FuggettaA.Software process: a roadmap. 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