Syria
 

to 30 Sep 1918   30 Sep 1918 - 8 Mar 1920     8 Mar 1920 - 24 Jul 1920   24 Jul 1920 - 1 Sep 1920   28 Jun 1922 - 14 May 1930    14 May 1930 - 1 Jan 1932       1 Jan 1932 - 8 Apr 1958; 29 Sep 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 (Revolt flag from 2012) 8 Apr 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 UAR   8 Mar 1963 - 1 Jan 1972   2 Jan 1972 - 30 Mar 1980 Re-adopted 30 Mar 1980 Map of Syria Hear National Anthem "Humat ad-Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 1936 - 22  Feb 1958, restored 28 Sep 1961 Constitution (27 Feb 2012) ---------------------------------- Former Constitution  (13 Mar 1973-27 Feb 2012; 7 Sep 1950-1951 [and Feb 1954-1958 and 1962-Mar 1963]; 14 May 1930-1946) Capital: Damascus (Dimashq) (UAR: Cairo 1958-1961) Currency: Syrian Pound (SYP); 1920-48 Lebanon-Syria Pound (XLSP); 1918-20 Egyptian Pound (EGP) National Holiday: 17 Apr (1946) Eid al-Istiklaal (Independence Day) Population: 19,398,448 (2019) note: approximately 22,000 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights GDP: $50.28 billion (2017) Exports: $1.85 billion (2017) Imports: $6.28 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Syrian Arab 74.9%, Bedouin Arab 7.4%, Kurd 7.3%, Palestinian Arab 3.9%, Armenian 2.7%, other 3.8% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 269,000 (2021) Russian Military Forces: 4,300 (2017) Turkey-backed Syrian National Army: 20,000 (2017) Kurd-backed Syrian Democratic Forces: 100,000 (2019) UNDOF Force: 1,256 (2023) U.S. Military Forces: 900 (2023) Merchant marine: 25 ships (2019) Religions:  Muslim 86% (official) (of which Alawite [Shi'a] 11%), Christian 8% (of which Orthodox 5%, Roman Catholic 2%), Druze 3%, non-religious/atheist 3% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, ALBA (observer), AMF (suspended), AOAD, APA, Arabsat (suspended), BTWC (signatory), CAEU, CWC, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (suspended), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA (observer), ISESCO (suspended), ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OIC (suspended), OPCW (suspended), OPEC (observer), OST, PAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Syria Index Chronology c.2334 BC - c.2154 BC      Part of the Akkadian Empire. c.1500 BC - c.1300 BC      Northern area part of the Mitanni Empire. c.1530 BC - c.1350 BC      Southern area part of the Egyptian Empire. c.1350 BC - c.1240 BC      Under Hittite rule. 1274 BC                    Battle of Kadesh between Pharaoh Ramesses II of                              Egypt and King Muwatalli II of the Hittites. c.1240 BC - c.605 BC       Part of of Assyrian Empire. c.605 BC - 549 BC          Part of the (Neo-) Babylonian Empire. 549 BC - 332 BC            Part of the Persian Empire. 332 BC - 323 BC            Part of Macedonia under Alexander "the Great." 323 BC - 301 BC            Part of (Antigonid) Kingdom of Macedonia. 301 BC - 198 BC            Part of the (Ptolemaic) Kingdom of Egypt. 198 BC - 83 BC             Part of the Seleucid Empire. 83 BC - 63 BC              Part of the Armenian Kingdom under Tigranes II. 63 BC - 36 BC              Part of the Roman Republic. 36 BC - 12 Aug 30 BC       Part of the Kingdom of Egypt under Cleopatra VII                              (nominally a vassal of Rome). 12 Aug 30 BC - 259 AD      Part of the Roman Empire. 259 AD - 272 AD            Part of the Palmyrene Empire. 272 AD - 359 BC            Part of the Roman Empire. 17 Jan 395 - 634/37        Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 529 - 584                  Damascus administered by Ghassanids (under                              Byzantine suzerainty). 611 - 628                  Occupied by the Sassanian (Sasanid) Empire. 19 Sep 634                 Arab conquest of Damascus (Aleppo Oct 637), part                              of Muslim Arab (Rashidun 634-661, Umayyad                              661-750, Abbasid 750-909, then Fatimid 909-1076)                              Caliphate. 1077 - 1104                Part of the Seljuk (Seljuq) Empire. 1099 - 1268                Christian Crusaders occupy coastal Syrian ports                             (Tartus [Tortosa] 1102-1152, 1153 - 3 Aug 1291,                               Antioch 1099-1268, Ruad Island 1299-26 Sep 1302). 1104 - 1154                Burid Emirs rule Damascus. 24 Jul 1148 - 29 Jul 1148  Crusader siege of Damascus during Second Crusade. 1154 - 1181                Zangid Atabegs rule Damascus. 1183 - Sep 1260            Part of Ayyubid Sultanate.  1 Mar 1260                Damascus sacked by the Mongols (Aleppo Jan 1260).  3 Sep 1260 - 24 Aug 1516  Part of Mameluke (Mamluk) Sultanate of Egypt. 24 Mar 1401                Damascus sacked by Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)(Aleppo                              30 Oct 1400). 24 Aug 1516                Part of the Ottoman Empire (as Damascus Eyalet                              [Eyalet-i Şam]).  6 Jun 1771 - 18 Jun 1771  Damascus garrisoned by the Egyptian Mamluk army. Dec 1831                   Egyptians, under Muhammad Ali, invade Syria (in                              Latakia Dec 1831, Damascus 15 Jun 1832 - Jan                              1841, Hom 9 Jul 1832, Aleppo 14 Jul 1832 - 13                              Nov 1840, Antioch 28 Jul 1832). 14 May 1833 - Jan 1841     Annexed by Egypt (nominally under Ottoman                              suzerainty). Jan 1841                   Direct Ottoman rule restored. 1864                       Vilayet of Syria (Vilayet-i Suriye), also called                              Vilayet of Damascus.  1 Sep 1915                French occupy Ruad Island off Tartus. 30 Sep 1918                Independence declared (Syria).  1 Oct 1918                Allies occupy Damascus, then Homs on 16 Oct 1918                              and Aleppo on 25 Oct 1918. 26 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919  British/French occupation, divided into British                              southern zone (Palestine), French northern zone                              (Lebanon and coastal Syria), and an interior Arab                              state (Syria).  7 Mar 1920 - 21 Aug 1920  United Kingdom of Syria (al-Mamlaka Suriyya al-                              Muttahida); proclaimed an independent and                              sovereign state, by resolution of the Syrian                              National Congress (declared to be "within its                              natural boundaries [Syria, Lebanon and Palestine])                              (ceremony held at Damascus city hall 8 Mar 1920).  1 Sep 1920                Alawites Territory and State of Aleppo created. 28 Jun 1922 -  1 Jan 1925  Federation of the Syrian States (Ittihad al-Duwal                              al-Suriyya = Fédération des États de Syrie)(also                              in official use: Fédération des États Syriens)                              (Territory of Alawites, State of Aleppo, State of                              Damascus and [from 24 Oct 1922] Jabal Druze                              constitute the federation). 24 Oct 1922                Jebal Druze self-governing territory created. 29 Sep 1923 - 22 Dec 1943  Syria and Lebanon a League of Nations Mandate                              under France (passed by the League 24 Jul 1922)                              [headquartered in Beirut [Beyrouth]).  1 Jan 1925 - 19 Nov 1931  State of Syria (Dawlat al-Suriyya = État de Syrie)                             (State of Aleppo and State of Damascus constitute                              an independent state). 19 Nov 1931 - 10 Jul 1939  Republic of Syria (al-Jumhuriyya al-Suriyya =                              République Syrienne).  2 Dec 1936                Jebal Druze/Latakia incorporated into Syria. 29 Jun 1939                Hatay incorporated into Turkey. 19 Jul 1939 - 16 Sep 1941  State of Syria (Dawlat al-Suriyya = État de Syrie). 10 Jun 1940 - 21 Jun 1941  Administration loyal to "Vichy" France                               (from 21 Jun 1941, the "Free" French). 21 Jun 1941 - 15 Apr 1946  Occupied by British and (Free) French troops. 16 Sep 1941 - 22 Feb 1958  Republic of Syria (al-Jumhuriyya al-Suriyya =                              République Syrienne). 27 Sep 1941                Syria is proclaimed an independent and sovereign                              state. 22 Dec 1943                French mandate is de facto dissolved following the                              conclusion of the Tripartite Agreement between                              France, Syria, and Lebanon. 17 Apr 1946                Independence formally recognized by France.  1 Feb 1958                Unification of Syria and Egypt into the United Arab                              Republic is proclaimed pending the approval by                              state legislatures and depending on the results of                              the referendum.  5 Feb 1958                Unification approved by Syrian Chamber of Deputies                              and the Egyptian National Assembly. 21 Feb 1958                Referendums in Syria 100% and in Egypt 100% vote                              for unification (results approved 22 Feb 1958). 22 Feb 1958 - 29 Sep 1961  Part of United Arab Republic (union with Egypt).  5 Mar 1958 - 29 Sep 1961  Syrian Region (al-Iqlim al-Suri), within the United                              Arab Republic. 29 Sep 1961                Syrian Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyya al-'Arabiyya                              al-Suriyya)(Syria seceded from U.A.R.) 10 Jun 1967                Israel occupies the Golan Heights (annexed                               by Israel 14 Dec 1981).  1 Jan 1972 - 19 Nov 1977  Part of Federation of Arab Republics (Ittihad al-                              Jumhuriyat al-'Arabiyah)(Egypt, Libya and Syria). 15 Mar 2011 -              Civil war against the Ba'athist central government. French Mandated Syria-Lebanon (1919-1946) Aleppo and Aleppo State (1516-1918, 1920-1922) Damascus State (1920-1922) Alawite Territory (1920-1936)  Jebel Druze (1920-1936) Zor (Deir ez-Zor) (1864-1920)  Golan Heights (UNDOF)(1974-) Islamic State (2006-2019) North and East Syria (Western Kurdistan) (2012-) Syrian Orthodox Church Syrian Catholic Church Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch Map of Syria in 1923

Walis (governors) of Damascus
Sep 1516                   Yunus Pasha                        (d. 1517)
Oct 1516 - 1517            Shihab ad-Din Ahma bin Yahya
1517 - 1518                Nuh Celebi (acting)
Mar 1518 - 1521            Djanbirdi al-Ghazali               (d. 1521)
1521 - 1522                Ayas Mehmed Pasha                  (b. 1483 - d. 1539)
1522 - 1523                Ferhad Pasha
Jun 1523 - 1525            Hürrem Pasha                       (d. 1526)
Jan 1525 - 1526            Süleyman Pasha at-Tawash 
Aug 1526 - 1528            Lufti Pasha (1st time)
May 1528 - 1531            Isabey Pasha Cenderli (1st time)   (d. 1535)
Jun 1531 - 1534            Mustafa Ablaq Pasha
Feb 1534 - 1535            Lufti Pasha (2nd time)
Jul 1535                   Isabey Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1536 - 1536/37         Mehmed Kuzal Pasha
1536/37 - 1538             Topal Süleyman Pasha
1538 - 1539                Ahmed Pasha
1539 - 1541                Köse Hüsrev Pasha
1541 - 1543                Çandarli Isa Pasha 
1543 - 1545                Piri Pasha (1st time)
1545 - 1500                Hadim Sinan Pasha
1550 - 1551                Piri Pasha (2nd time)
1551 - 1552                Tekeoglu Mehmed Pasha
1552 - 1555                Samsi Ahmed Pasha                  (b. 1492 - d. 1580)
1555 - 1561                Hizr Pasha
1561 - 1563                Garu Ali Pasha (1st time)
1563                       Hüsrev Pasha
1563 - 1569                Lal Mustafa Pasha                  (b. c.1500 - d. 1580)
1569                       Sheytan Murad Pasha                (d. 1570)
1569 - 1570                Garu Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1570 - 1571                Haji Ahmed Pasha
1571 - 1574                Dervish Pasha                      (d. 1574/75)
1574 - 1575                Lala Jafar Pasha
1575 - 1577                Murad Pasha (1st time)
1577 - 1581                Hasan Pasha (1st time)             (d. 1602)
1581                       Damad-i-Sehriyari Ibrahim Pasha
1581 - 1582                Bahram Pasha
1582 - 1583                Bodur Hüseyin Pasha                (d. 1595) 
1583                       Hasan Pasha (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1584                       Qubad Süleyman Pasha
1584 - 1585                Üveys Pasha (1st time)        
Oct 1585 - 1586            Elvendoglu Ali Pasha
1586                       Koca Sinan Pasha                   (d. 1596)
1586 - 1587                Üveys Pasha (2nd time)
1587 - 1588                Mehmed Pasha Ferhad
1588 - 1589                Üveys Pasha (3rd time) 
1589 - 1590                Ali Pasha Elvenzade
1590                       Koça Sinan Pasha                   (b. 1506 - d. 1596)
1590 - 1591                Hasan Pasha (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1591 - 1592                Mustafa Pasha
1592 - 1593                Khalil Pasha
1593 - 1594                Çagirci Mehmed Pasha
1594                       Hasan Pasha (5th time)
1594                       Ali Pasha Bostanci
1594 - 1595                Murad Pasha                        (b. 1535 - d. 1611)
1595 - 1596                Hüsrev Pasha II (1st time)
1596 - 1597                Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha
Dec 1597 - 1598            Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
                             bin al-Djaffal
1598                       Ahmed Pasha II
1598 - 1599                Ahmed Pasha III
1599                       Hüsrev Pasha II (2nd time)
1599 - 1600                "Cerrah" Mehmed Pasha              (d. 1604)
1600                       Mahmud Pasha (1st time)
1600 - 1603                Osman Pasha (1st time)
1603 - 1604                Ferhad Pasha Bustanci
1604                       Canbalatzade Mehmed Pasha
1604 - 160.                Mustafa Pasha II
1605 - 1606?               Koca Faragi Osman Pasha
1607 - 1608                Mahmud Pasha (2nd time)
1608                       Hadim Gürcü Mehmed Pasha           (d. 1626)
1608 - 1609                Sufi Sinan Pasha at-Talki
Apr 1609 - 1615            Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time)       (b. 1594 - d. 1632)
Feb 1615 - 1617            Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
1617 - 1618                Damad Ahmed Pasha
1618                       Mehmed Pasha al-Djuqadar
1618 - 1619                Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1619 - 1620                Mustafa Pasha III
1620 - 1621                Süleyman Pasha I
1621 - 1622                Murtaza Pasha Bostanci
1622 - 1623                Mehmed Pasha Rushand
1623 - 1624                Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq
1624 - 1625                Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha
1625 - 1626                Gürci Mehmed Pasha I
1626 - 1628                Tayyar-oglu Mehmed Pasha
1628 - 1629                Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1636)
1629 - 1630                Mustafa Pasha IV (1st time)
1630 - 1631                Nawaya Mehmed Pasha
1631?                      Cevzak Süleyman Pasha
1632 - 1633                Ilyas Pasha
1633                       Debbag Mehmed Pasha
1633 - 1635                Deli Yusuf Pasha
1635 - 1636                Küçük Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1636                       Biykli Mustafa Pasha
1636/37 - 1638             Dervish Mehmed Pasha
1638 - 1639                Mustafa Pasha IV (2nd time)
1639 - 1640                Cifteli Othman Pasha
1640 - 1641                Mehmed Pasha I 
1641 - 1642                Serji Ahmed Pasha
1642 - 1643                Melek Ahmed Pasha 
1643                       Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha            (b. 1603 - d. 1646)
                             Ghawan Qabughi
1643                       Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1st time)    (b. c.1604 - d. 1646)
1643 - 1644                Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1644 - 1645                Gürçü Mehmed Pasha II (1st time)
1645                       Ibrahim Pasha I
1645 - 1646                Mehmed Pasha Salami
1646                       Gürçü Mehmed Pasha II (2nd time)
1646 - 1647                Silihadar Yusuf Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1647                       Sufi Murteza Pasha
1648 - 1649                Sofu Mehmed Pasha                  (d. 1649)
1649                       Damad Ibshir Mustafa Pasha 
1649 - 1650                Mehmed Pasha II
1650                       Silihdar Murteza Pasha (1st time)
1650 - 1651                Shivasli Mustafa Pasha
1651 - Nov 1651            Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (3rd time)
1651 - 1652                Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1652 - 1653                Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha         (d. 1656)
1653 - 1655                Halicizade Mehmed Pasha
1655                       Gazi Pasha Shahsuvar-odjlu
1655                       Kara Murad Pasha                   (d. 1655)
                             (did not take office)
1655 - 1656                Haseki Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1656                       Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha 
Aug/Sep 1656 - Dec 1656    Siyavush Pasha
1656 - 1657                Mustafa Pasha 
1657 - 1658                Silihdar Murteza Pasha (2nd time)
1658                       Tayyardzade Mehmed Pasha
1658 - 1659/60             Nuri Mehmed Pasha
1659/60 - Jun 1660         Gürcü Mustafa Pasha
1660 - 1661                Köprülü Fazil Ahmed Pasha          (b. 1635 - d. 1676)
1661 - 1662                Süleyman Pasha II
Feb/Mar 1662 - 1663        Kanbur Mustafa Pasha
1663 - 1665                Rilibeli Mustafa Pasha
1665 - 1666                Salih Pasha I
1666                       Çavuszade Mehmed Pasha
1666 - 1667                Qara Mustafa Pasha
1667 - 1669                Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu
1669 - 1671                Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan
1671 - 1672                Abazekh Husein Pasha (1st time)
1672 - 1673                Qara Mehmed Pasha
1673 - 1674                Ibrahim Pasha Shushman
1674 - 1675                Qer Husein Pasha
1675 - 1676                Ibrahim Pasha II
1676 - 1679                Osman Pasha Bustardji (1st time) (d. 1685)
1679 - 1683                Abazekh Husein Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1684 - 1684            Hamza Pasha
1684                       Celebi Ibrahim Pasha III
1684 - 1685                Osman Pasha Bustardji (2nd time) (s.a.)
1686 - 1687                Kaplan Pasha
1687 - 1688                Arab Salih Pasha
1688 - 1689                Hamza Pasha
1689 - 1690                Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha            (b. 1638 - d. 1698)
1690 - 1691                Abdioglu Mehmed Pasha
1691 - 1692                Gurju Mehmed Pasha III
1692 - 1693                Çelebi Ismail Pasha              (d. 1702)
1693 - 1694                Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1694 - 1695                Shahin Mehmed Pasha
1695 - 1696                Silihdar Osman Pasha
1696 - 1697                Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha
1697 - 1698                Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai
1698/99 - 1699             Biykli Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1699 - 1700                Silihdar Husein Pasha
1700 - 1701                Silihdar Hasan Pasha
Jun 1701 - 1701            Biykli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1701 - 1702                Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn        (d. 1704)
                             al-Mataraji (1st time)
1702                       Salih Agha (acting)
1702 - 1703                Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade  
                             (1st time)
1703                       Osman Pasha Arnavud 
1703                       Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn        (s.a.)
                             al-Mataraji (2nd time)
1703 - 1704                Mustafa Pasha
1704 - 1705                Hüseyin Pasha al-Farari
1705 - 1706                Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade
                             (2nd time)
1706 - Aug 1707            Baltaci Süleyman Pasha
1707 - 1708                Yusuf Pasha Qapudan
1708 - 1712                Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini
1713 - 1714                Jarkas Muhammad Pasha
1714 - 1716                Topal Yusuf Pasha
1716                       Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha     (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1716 - 1717                Kapudan Ibrahim Pasha              (d. 1725)
1717 – 1718                Köprülü Abdullah Pasha             (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
1718 - 1719                Reçeb Pasha                        (d. 1726)
1719 - 1721                Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1st time)   (d. 1727)
1721 - 1723                Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu
27 Jan 1723 - Jan 1725     Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 9 Mar 1725 - Nov 1730     Azamzade Ismail Pasha 
23 Nov 1730 - 26 Dec 1730  Uthman Agha (acting)
26 Dec 1730 - 30 Mar 1730  Qara Sulayman Agha (acting)
30 Mar 1731 - Jan 1734     Aydinli Abdullah Pasha
Jan 1734                   Musa Agha (acting)
14 Jan 1734 - 19 Jul 1738  Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1st time)   (d. 1743)
20 Jul 1738 - 30 Aug 1738  Fathi-al-Daftari (acting)
30 Aug 1738 -  5 Sep 1739  Hüseyin Pasha al-Bustanji
21 Sep 1739 - Oct 1740     Muhassıl Uthman Pasha              (d. 1750)
23 Nov 1740 - Jul 1741     Ali Pasha Abu Qili (Rishah)
Jul 1741 - 25 Aug 1741     Ibrahim Agha (1st time)(acting)    (d. 1743)
25 Aug 1741 - 25 Aug 1743  Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (2nd time)   (s.a.)
26 Aug 1743 - 14 Oct 1743  Ibrahim Agha (2nd time) (acting)
14 Oct 1743 - 21 Jan 1757  As'ad Pasha al-Azem                (b. c.1706 - d. 1758)
25 Feb 1757 - Dec 1757     Husayn Pasha ibn Makki             (d. 1765)
 8 Jan 1758 - Jan 1760     Çeteci Abdullah Pasha              (b. 1703 - d. 1760)
Jan 1760 - 18 Feb 1760     Mustafa Agha (acting)
18 Feb 1760 -  6 Nov 1760  Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik
 7 Nov 1760 - 11 Dec 1760  Sulayman Bey (acting)
11 Dec 1760 - 22 Oct 1771  Uthman Pasha al-Kurdji
                             (Osman Pasha al-Sadiq)
 6 Jun 1771 - 18 Jun 1771  Abu'l Dhahab -Egyptian commander
Oct 1771 - Nov 1771        Mustafa Agha (acting)
 4 Nov 1771 - Jun/Jul 1772 Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1st time)   (b. 1731 - d. 1783)
 5 Nov 1772 - Aug 1773     Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji
Aug 1773 - Oct 1773        Ahmad Agha (acting)
Oct 1773 - 16 Apr 1783     Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Apr 1783 - 10 Jun 1783     Osmanpashazade Mehmed Pasha        (d. 1783)
                             (al Kurzi)
Aug 1783 - 28 Feb 1785     Osmanzade Dervish Pasha
                             (Darwish Pasha al-Kurji)
Mar 1785 – 1786            Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (1st time)  (b. c.1735 - d. 1804)
1786 - 1787                Hüseyin Pasha Battal               (d. 1801)
1787 - 1788                Keki Abdi Pasha                    (d. 1789)
1788 - 1790                Ibrahim Pasha al-Dalati
                             (Ibrahim Deli Pasha)  
Oct 1790 - 1795            Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1795 - 1798                Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (1st time)   (d. 1809)
1798 - 1799                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (3rd time)  (s.a.)
1799 - 1803                Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1803 - 1804                Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha 
1804 - 1805                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (4th time)  (s.a.) 
1805 - 1807                Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1807 - 1810                Genç Kunj Yusuf Pasha              (d. 1816)
1810 - 1812                Süleyman Pasha al-Adil (1st time)  (b. c.1760 - d. 1819)
Jan/Feb 1812 - May 1816    Silahdar Süleyman Pasha            (d. 1837)
May 1816 - Feb/Mar 1817    Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha
Feb/Mar 1817 - 1817        Salih Pasha
1817 - 1819                Süleyman Pasha al-Adil (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1819 – 1822                Dervish Mehmed Pasha
May/Jun 1822–Mar/Apr 1823  Beylanli Mustafa Pasha
Apr 1823 - Jan 1824        Salih Pasha (2nd time)
1824 - May 1824            Müftizade Ahmed Pasha              (d. 1824)
1825 - 1826                Haci Veliyeddin Pasha  
Oct 1826 - 1827            Hakki Ismail Pasha
1827 - 1828                Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha
Oct 1828 - Jul 1831        Rauf Mehmed Emin Pasha             (b. 1780 - d. 1859)
Jul 1831 - Nov 1831        Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha         (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
Nov 1831 - May/Jun 1832    Haci Ali Pasha (1st time)  
27 May 1832 - Jun 1832     Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian commander  (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
1831 - Jun 1832            Ahmed Bey -Military and civil governor
Nov 1832 - 1838            El Sayed Muhammad Sherif Pasha
                             Al-Kabir -Egyptian governor      (d. 1865)
1838 - 1840                .... -Egyptian governor 
Jul 1840 - 1840            Haci Ali Pasha (2nd time)
26 Aug 1840 - Oct 1842     Necib Mehmed Pasha                 (d. 1851)
Military governors
1841 - 1844                Mehmed Reshid Pasha      
1845 - 1846                Mehmed Namiq Pasha                 (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Walis of Damascus
1841 – 1844                Mirza Said Pasha
Jan 1841 - Mar 1842        Gürcü Mehmed Necib Pasha           (d. 1851)
Mar 1842 - 1845?           Laz Ali Riza Pasha 
Nov 1845 - Mar 1846        Haci Kütahyali Ali Pasha
1846 - Mar 1848            Kirimli Musa Sefveti Pasha     
Mar 1848 - Aug 1848        Halil Kamili Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1849        Osman Nuri Pasha
Sep 1849 - l851            Damat Mehmed Said Pasha
1851 - 1852                Osman Pasha Said Pasha
1852                       Izzet Mehmed Pasha                 (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
Jul 1852 - Oct 1852        Agha Abdulaziz Pasha
Oct 1852 - Aug 1854        Ali Açaf Pasha
Aug 1854 - Oct 1855        Arif Mehmed Pasha                  (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
Oct 1855 - Dec 1855        Serhalifezade Namik Salih Pasha    (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Dec 1855 - Sep 1856        Mahmud Nedim Pasha                 (b. c.1818 - d. 1883)
Sep 1856 - 1856            Arnavud Süleyman Refet Pasha
Dec 1856 - Dec 1857        Ahmed Izzet Pasha                  (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
Dec 1857 - Dec 1858        Kutuhyali Haci Ali Pasha II
Dec 1858 - Mar 1859        Halil Kamili Pasha
Mar 1859 - Jun 1860        Ahmed Nazir Pasha                  (d. 1861)
Jun 1860 - Nov 1860        Mehmed Mu'ammer Pasha
Nov 1860 – Feb 1862        Muftizade Emin Muhlis Pasha        (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
Feb 1862 - Apr 1863        Mehmed Emin Pasha                  (b. 1824 - d. 1876)
Apr 1863 - Sep 1865        Mütercim Mehmed Rushdi Pasha       (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
Sep 1865 - Jul 1866        Sakizli Esad uhlis Pasha           (d. 1876)
Jul 1866 - Sep 1871        Mehmed Rashid Pasha                (b. 1824 – d. 1876)
Sep 1871 - Sep 1872        Abdullatif Subhi Pasha             (b. c.1818 - d. 1886)
Sep 1872 - Jan 1873        Selanikli Mustafa Necib Pasha      (d. 1883)     
Jan 1873 - Sep 1874        Mehmed Halet Pasha                 (d. 1879)
1874 - 1875                Esad Pasha                         (b. 1828 - d. 1875)
Jan 1875 - Apr 1876        Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1st time)       (b. 1826 - d. 1885)
1876                       Ahmed Pasha
Jul 1876 - Dec 1876        Rashid Nashid Pasha (1st time)     (d. 1888)
Jan 1877 - Jun 1877        Abdulhamid Ziyaeddin Pasha         (b. 1825 - d. 1880)       
Jun 1877 - Feb 1878        Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha             (d. 1878)
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878        Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
13 Nov 1878 – Aug 1879     Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha            (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Jun 1879 - Dec 1879        Bostancibashizade Reshid Mehmed  
                             Pasha
Dec 1879 - Aug 1880        ....
Aug 1880 - Sep 1885        Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Sep 1885 - Mar 1888        Rashid Nashid Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Mar 1888 - Nov 1889        Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha      (d. 1889)
Dec 1889 - Nov 1891        Mustafa Asim Pasha                 (d. 1891)
Nov 1891 - Jun 1892        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)  (b. 1832 - d. 1900)
Jun 1892 – Jun 1894        Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha           (s.a.)
Jun 1894 – Jul 1896        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Jul 1896 - Jul 1897        Hasan Refik Pasha
Jul 1897 - Mar 1906        Huseyni Nazim Pasha                (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
Mar 1906 – Dec 1908        Ibrahim Shukri (or Sükrü) Pasha
1909 – 1910                Ismail Fazil Bey                   (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
Dec 1910 - Jun 1912        Ali Ghalib Bey
Aug 1912 - Jan 1913        Alpan Kazim Pasha                  (b. 1882 - d. 1948)
Jan 1913 - Jul 1914        Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin             (b. 1852 – d. 1920)
Jul 1914 - Oct 1915        Hulusi Bey                         (d. 1918)
1915                       Ahmed Djemal Pasha                 (b. 1872 - d. 1922)
Oct 1915 – Aug 1916        Sakalli Azmi Pasha                 (d. 1944)
Aug 1916 – Jul 1917        Hasan Tahsin Bey                   (b. 1878 - d. 1939)
Jul 1917 - Jun 1918        Osman Bedri Bey                    (b. 18.. - d. 1923)               
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918        Refet Bey                          (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918     Tahsin Bey (in name only)          (b. 1878 - d. 1939)
26 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918  Muhammad Said al-Jazairi           (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
Heads of Government
30 Sep 1918                Muhammad Said al-Jazairi           (s.a.)
30 Sep 1918 -  5 Oct 1918  Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi           (b. 1868 - d. 1942)  Mil+JAF
 5 Oct 1918 -  8 Mar 1920  Faysal bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi   (b. 1885 - d. 1933)  JAF
King¹
 8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920  Faysal I                           (s.a.)
                             (= Faysal bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi)
                             (left Damascus 28 Jul 1920, then in Daraa to 1 Aug 1920)
Prime ministers
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920  Ala ad-Din Pasha al-Durubi         (b. 1870 - d. 1920)  Non-party
21 Aug 1920 -  6 Sep 1920  Vacant
 6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920  Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi        (b. 1883 - d. 1951)  Non-party
Governors
30 Nov 1920 - 30 Jun 1922  the Levant States governors
President of the Federation of Syrian States
 1 Jul 1922 -  1 Jan 1925  Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi       (b. 1883 - d. 1939)  Non-party
President of the State of Syria
 1 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925  Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi       (s.a.)               Non-party
21 Dec 1925 -  9 Feb 1926  Vacant
Envoy Extraordinary of the High Commissioner in charge of the affairs of the State of Syria
 9 Feb 1926 - 29 Apr 1926  Marie François Julien Pierre, dit  (b. 1886 - d. 1956)  Non-party
                             Pierre-Alype
President of the State of Syria
29 Apr 1926 - 14 Feb 1928  al-Damad Ahmad Nami Bey bin Fakhri (b. 1878 - d. 1962)  Non-party
                             Bey
President of the Council of Ministers of the State of Syria
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931  al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin  (b. 1885 - d. 1943)  Non-party
                             Badr al-Din al-Hasani (acting)
                             (president of council of ministers of State of Syria)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932  Vacant
                           Léon Solomiac                      (b. 1873 - d. 1960)  Non-party
                             (high commissioner of the French Republic
                             directly managed affairs of state)
Presidents of the Syrian Republic
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936  Muhammad Ali Bey bin Ahmad Izzat   (b. 1867 - d. 1939)  Non-party
                             Basha al-Abid
21 Dec 1936 -  8 Jul 1939  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (b. 1875 - d. 1960)  KW
                             Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
President of the Council of Directors General
 8 Jul 1939 -  2 Apr 1941  Bahij Bey al-Khatib                (b. 1895 - d. 1981)  Non-party
President of the Government of Syria
 2 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (b. 1903 - d. 1965)  Non-party
Presidents of the Syrian Republic
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943  al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin  (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Badr al-Din al-Hasani
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943  Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi        (s.a.)               Non-party
Head of State, Head of Government
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943  Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (b. 1877 - d. 1951)  Non-party
President of the Syrian Republic
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949  Shukri bin Mahmud al-Kuwatli       (b. 1891 - d. 1967)  KW;1948 SNP
                             (1st time) 
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces
30 Mar 1949 - 26 Jun 1949  Husni bin al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim   (b. 1897 - d. 1949)  Mil
President
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949  Husni bin al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim   (s.a.)               Mil/SSNP
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949  Muhammad Sami Hilmi Hinnawi        (b. 1896 - d. 1950)  Mil
Head of State
15 Aug 1949 -  5 Sep 1950  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (s.a.)               KW
                             Khalid al-Atassi
                           (president of Council of Ministers to 14 Dec 1949)
President
 5 Sep 1950 -  2 Dec 1951  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (s.a.)               KW
                             Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
Chairman of the General Staff, President of the Supreme Military Council
 2 Dec 1951 -  3 Dec 1951  Adib bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli     (b. 1909 - d. 1964)  Mil
                             (1st time)
Head of State
 3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953  Fawzi Silu                         (b. 1905 - d. 1972)  Mil
Presidents
11 Jul 1953 - 26 Feb 1954  Adib bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli     (s.a.)               Mil/ALM
                             (2nd time)
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954  Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari (1st time)(b. 1914 - d. 1998)  Non-party
                             (acting)(president of the Chamber of Deputies)
28 Feb 1954 -  6 Sep 1955  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (s.a.)               KW
                             Khalid al-Atassi (3rd time)
 6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958  Shukri bin Mahmud al-Kuwatli       (s.a.)               SNP
                             (2nd time)
22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961  part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961  Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari (2nd time)(s.a.)               Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961  Izzat al-Nuss                      (b. 1900 - d. 1972)  Mil
President of the Republic
14 Dec 1961 -  8 Mar 1963  Nazim al-Kudsi                     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  HS
28 Mar 1962 - 13 Apr 1962  Abdul Karim Zahreddine             (b. 1917 - d. 2009)  Mil
                             (junta chief)
Presidents of the National Revolutionary Command Council
 8 Mar 1963 - 23 Mar 1963  National Revolutionary Command Council
23 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963  Louai bin Ahmad Sami al-Atassi     (b. 1926 - d. 2003)  Mil/Baath
27 Jul 1963 - 13 May 1964  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez             (b. 1921 - d. 2009)  Mil/Baath
President of the Presidential Council
13 May 1964 - 23 Feb 1966  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez             (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
23 Feb 1966 - 25 Feb 1966  Provisional Regional Command of the Baath Socialist Party
Heads of State
25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970  Ahmad Nureddin bin Muhammad Ali    (b. 1929 - d. 1992)  Mil/Baath
                             al-Atassi
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971  Sayyid Ahmad al-Hasan al-Khatib    (b. 1933 - d. 1982)  Baath
Presidents
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000  Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad        (b. 1930 - d. 2000)  Mil/Baath;
                             (president of council of ministers to 14 Mar 1971)    +1972 NPF
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000  Abdul Halim Said Khaddam (acting)  (b. 1932 - d. 2020)  Baath+NPF
                             (first vice president)
17 Jul 2000 -              Bashar Hafez al-Assad              (b. 1965)            Baath+NPF

General Military Governor of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration - East
 3 Oct 1918 - 10 Dec 1919  Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi           (s.a.)               Mil+JAF
Deputy Military Governors
10 Dec 1919 - 14 Dec 1919  Abdul Hamid Pasha al-Qaltaqji                           Mil+JAF
14 Dec 1919 - 26 Jan 1920  Mustafa Ni'mat                                          Mil+JAF
Chief of the Council of Directors
26 Jan 1920 -  9 Mar 1920  Zaid bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi     (b. 1898 - d. 1970)  JAF
Prime ministers
 9 Mar 1920 -  3 May 1920  Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi           (s.a.)               JAF
 3 May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (s.a.)               JAF
                             Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920  Ala ad-Din Pasha ad-Durubi         (s.a.)               Non-party
21 Aug 1920 -  6 Sep 1920  Vacant
 6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920  Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi        (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)
30 Nov 1920 - 26 Jan 1925  Post abolished 
26 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925  Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi       (s.a.)               Non-party
29 Dec 1925 -  6 Jan 1926  al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin  (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Badr al-Din al-Hasani (1st time)
                             (acting)
 6 Jan 1926 - 27 Apr 1926  Vacant
27 Apr 1926 -  9 Feb 1928  al-Damad Ahmad Nami Bey bin Fakhri (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Bey
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931  al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin  (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Badr al-Din al-Hasani (2nd time)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932  Vacant
11 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934  Haqqi Bey al-Azm                   (b. 1864 - d. 1955)  Non-party
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936  al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin  (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Badr al-Din al-Hasani (3rd time) 
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936  Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939  Jamil Mardam Bey (1st time)        (b. 1893 - d. 1960)  KW
23 Feb 1939 -  5 Apr 1939  Lutfi al-Haffar                    (b. 1885 - d. 1968)  KW
 6 Apr 1939 -  8 Jul 1939  Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari            (b. c.1881 - d. 1961)Non-party
 8 Jul 1939 -  2 Apr 1941  Bahij Bey al-Khatib                (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (president of the council of Directors General)
 2 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time) 
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942  Hassan al-Hakim (1st time)         (b. 1886 - d. 1988)  HS
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943  Husni al-Barazi                    (b. 1893 - d. 1975)  KW
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943  Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi        (s.a.)               KW
                             (2nd time)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943  Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time) 
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944  Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st time)     (b. 1893 - d. 1947)  HI/KW
14 Oct 1944 -  1 Oct 1945  Faris al-Khuri (1st time)          (b. 1877 - d. 1962)  KW
 1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946  Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd time)     (s.a.)               HI/KW
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time) (acting)
29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948  Jamil Mardam Bey (2nd time)        (s.a.)               RP
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               KW
                             (3rd time)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949  Husni al-Zaim                      (s.a.)               Mil/SSNP
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949  Muhsin al-Barazi                   (b. 1904 - d. 1949)  Non-party
17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949  Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad   (s.a.)               KW
                             Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949  Nazim al-Kudsi (1st time)          (s.a.)               HS
27 Dec 1949 -  4 Jun 1950  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               KW
                             (4th time)
 4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951  Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               HS
27 Mar 1951 -  9 Aug 1951  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               DB
                             (5th time)
 9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951  Hassan al-Hakim (2nd time)         (s.a.)               HS
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951  Zaki al-Khatib (acting)            (b. 1887 - d. 1961)  HS
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951  Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (1st time)      (b. 1907 - d. 2004)  HS
 3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953  Fawzi Silu                         (s.a.)               Mil
19 Jul 1953 -  1 Mar 1954  Adib al-Shishakli                  (s.a.)               Mil/ALM
 1 Mar 1954 - 18 Jun 1954  Sabri al-Assali (1st time)         (b. 1903 - d. 1976)  KW
18 Jun 1954 -  3 Nov 1954  Said al-Ghazzi (1st time)          (b. 1893 - d. 1967)  Non-party
 3 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955  Faris al-Khuri (2nd time)          (s.a.)               HS
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955  Sabri al-Assali (2nd time)         (s.a.)               KW
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956  Said al-Ghazzi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
14 Jun 1956 -  6 Mar 1958  Sabri al-Assali (3rd time)         (s.a.)               KW
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Syrian Region
 7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960  Nureddin Kahala                    (b. 1908 - d. 1965)  IK
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961  Abdul Hamid Serraj                 (b. 1925 - d. 2013)  IK
Prime ministers
28 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961  Maamun al-Kuzbari                  (s.a.)               Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961  Izzat al-Nuss                      (s.a.)               Mil
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962  Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (2nd time)      (s.a.)               HS
16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962  Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah              (b. 1910 - d. 1992)  Non-party
17 Sep 1962 -  9 Mar 1963  Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (6th time)
 9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963  Salah ad-Din Bitar (1st time)      (b. 1912 - d. 1980)  Baath
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (1st time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
13 May 1964 -  3 Oct 1964  Salah ad-Din Bitar (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Baath
 4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965  Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st time)           (b. 1931 - d. 2016)  Baath
 1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966  Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Baath
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968  Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Baath
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970  Ahmad Nureddin bin Muhammad Ali    (s.a.)               Mil+Baath
                             al-Atassi
21 Nov 1970 -  3 Apr 1971  Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad        (s.a.)               Mil+Baath
 3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972  Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st time)  (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  Mil+Baath
21 Dec 1972 -  7 Aug 1976  Mahmoud al-Ayyubi                  (b. 1932 - d. 2013)  Baath+NPF
 7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978  Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil+Baath
27 Mar 1978 -  9 Jan 1980  Muhammad Ali al-Halabi             (b. 1937 - d. 2016)  Baath+NPF
 9 Jan 1980 -  1 Nov 1987  Abdul Rauf al-Kasm                 (b. 1932)            Baath+NPF
 1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000  Mahmoud Zuabi                      (b. 1935 - d. 2000)  Baath+NPF
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003  Muhammad Mustafa Mero              (b. 1941 - d. 2020)  Baath+NPF
10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011  Muhammad Naji al-Otari             (b. 1944)            Baath+NFP
14 Apr 2011 - 23 Jun 2012  Adel Safar                         (b. 1953)            Baath+NFP
23 Jun 2012 -  6 Aug 2012  Riyad Farid Hijab                  (b. 1966)            Baath+NFP
 6 Aug 2012 - 11 Aug 2012  Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji (acting)   (b. 1954)            Baath+NFP
11 Aug 2012 -  3 Jul 2016  Wael Nader al-Halqi                (b. 1964)            Baath+NFP
 3 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun 2020  Imad Muhammad Khamis               (b. 1961)            Baath+NFP
11 Jun 2020 - 23 Sep 2024  Hussein Arnous                     (b. 1953)            Baath+NFP
                             (acting to 2 Sep 2020)
23 Sep 2024 -              Muhammad Ghazi al-Jalali           (b. 1969)

Syrian Interim Government (in rebellion)

Presidents of the National Coalition for the Syrian Revolution
and Opposition Forces (in rebellion)
11 Nov 2012 - 22 Apr 2013  Moaz al-Khatib                     (b. 1960)            Non-party
22 Apr 2013 -  6 Jul 2013  George Sabra (acting)              (b. 1947)            SNC
 6 Jul 2013 -  9 Jul 2014  Ahmad al-Jarba                     (b. 1969)            SNC
 9 Jul 2014 -  5 Jan 2015  Hadi al-Bahra (1st time)           (b. 1959)            Non-party
 5 Jan 2015 -  5 Mar 2016  Khaled Khoja                       (b. 1965)            Non-party
 5 Mar 2016 -  6 May 2017  Anas al-Abdah                      (b. 1967)            SNC
 6 May 2017 -  6 May 2018  Riad Seif                          (b. 1946)            Non-party
 6 May 2018 - 29 Jun 2019  Abdurrahman Mustafa                (b. 1964)            STM/SNC
29 Jun 2019 - 12 Jul 2020  Anas al-Abdah                      (b. 1967)            SNC
12 Jul 2020 - 12 Jul 2021  Nasr al-Hariri                     (b. 1977)            IRM/SNC
12 Jul 2021 - 12 Sep 2023  Salem al-Meslet                    (b. 1959)            SNC
12 Sep 2023 -              Hadi al-Bahra (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Non-party

Prime Ministers of the Interim Government of the National Coalition for
Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (in rebellion)
18 Mar 2013 - 14 Sep 2013  Ghassan Hitto (acting)             (b. 1963)            Non-party
14 Sep 2013 - 22 Jul 2014  Ahmad Saleh Tumah (1st time)       (b. 1965)            Non-party
14 Oct 2014 - 16 May 2016  Ahmad Saleh Tumah (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
16 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019  Jawad Abu Hatab                    (b. 1962)            Non-party
30 Jun 2019 -              Abdurrahman Mustafa                (s.a.)               STM/SNC 

Syrian Salvation Government (in rebellion)

Presidents of the General Shura Council of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in opposition to the SNC)
Oct 2017 - 24 Apr 2020     Bassam al-Sahyouni                                      SSG
24 Apr 2020 -              Mustafa al-Mousa                                        HTS/SSG

Prime Ministers of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in opposition to the SNC)
 2 Nov 2017 - 15 Aug 2018  Muhammad al-Sheikh                 (b. 1960)            SSG
15 Aug 2018 - 10 Dec 2018  Muhammad Jamal al-Shahoud (acting)                      SSG
10 Dec 2018 - 16 Dec 2019  Fawaz Hilal                                             SSG
16 Dec 2019 -              Ali Abdulrahman Keda               (b. 1973)            SSG

Mandate of Syria (1919-1946)

British Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
25 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919  Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby        (b. 1861 - d. 1936) 

High Commissioner of the French Republic in Palestine and Syria
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Oct 1918 - Nov 1918        Robert Coulondre (interim)         (b. 1885 - d. 1959)
High Commissioner of the French Republic for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia)
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919     François Marie Denis Georges-Picot (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922  Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud        (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923  Robert de Caix (acting)            (b. 1869 - d. 1970)
17 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924  Maxime Weygand                     (b. 1867 - d. 1965)
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925  Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail      (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926  Bertrand Henry Léon Robert de      (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
                             Jouvenel des Ursins
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933        Auguste Henri Ponsot               (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939     Damien de Martel, comte de Martel  (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Jan 1939 - Nov 1940        Gabriel Puaux                      (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940  Jean Chiappe (did not take office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
 6 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun 1941  Henri Fernand Dentz                (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
Delegates-general and Plenipotentiaries
24 Jun 1941 -  7 Jun 1943  Georges Albert Julien Catroux      (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
                             (also chief of the Free French in Levant States)
 7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943  Jean Helleu                        (b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944  Yves Chataigneau                   (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 -  1 Sep 1946  Étienne Paul Émile Marie Beynet    (b. 1883 - d. 1969)

General Officers Commanding in Chief of British Forces (from 21 Aug 1942, for Irag and Iran)
(subordinated to the Middle East Command)  
 8 Jun 1941 - 18 Feb 1943  Sir Henry Maitland Wilson          (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944  Sir Henry Royds Pownall            (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
18 Feb 1944 -  1 Mar 1946  Sir Arthur Francis Smith           (b. 1890 - d. 1977) 

British Resident Ministers to the Republics of Syria and Lebanon 
Jul 1941 - 15 Dec 1944     Edward Louis Spears                (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
                             (from Jan 1942, Sir Edward Louis Spears)
                             (head of U.K. mission, Syria and the Lebanon to Jan 1942)
22 Dec 1944 - Aug 1946     Terence Allen Shone                (b. 1894 - d. 1965)

 ¹full style of the ruler 8 Mar 1918 - 28 Jul 1920: Malik Mamlakat Suriya al-Muttahida; in French: Roi du Royaume-Uni de Syrie ("King of the United Kingdom of Syria").

Territorial Disputes: Golan Heights is Israeli-controlled with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; Syria recognized the sovereignty of Lebanon on 14 Oct 2008; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation would settle border dispute with Jordan; Syria did not surrender its irredentist claim to Hatay in Turkey until 2005; the Tomb of Suleyman Shah is a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated within Syria's Aleppo governorate (in accordance with the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921), it is the burial place of Suleyman Shah grandfather of Osman I the founder of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty; dispute with Turkey concerning the Turkish occupation of parts of North Syria since Aug 2016; the ongoing civil war has resulted in more than 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of Oct 2019.

Party abbreviations: Baath = Hizb al-Ba'ath al-Arabi al-Ishtiraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party [Syrian Baath Party], neo-Ba'athism, authoritarian, socialist, 1947-1958, re-est.1966); HTS = Hay'at Tahrir ash-Sham (Organization for the Liberation of the Levant, Sunni Islamist, nationalist, Salafist, est.28 Jan 2017); IRM = Independent Revolutionary Movement; NPF = al-Jabha al-Wataniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah (National Progressive Front, Baath led coalition, est.1972 by Baath, Arab Socialist Union Party, Arab Socialist Party, Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Syrian Communist Party [Yusuf Faisal group], Syrian Communist Party [Khalid Bakdash group], Union Socialist Party, and Union Socialist Democratic Party); SNC = National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (Coalition Nationale pour les Forces Révolutionnaires et de l'Opposition Syrienne, Syrian National Coalition, anti-Assad opposition, seeks replacement of Bashar al-Assad government, est.11 Nov 2012); SSG = Syrian Salvation Government (split from SNC, est.2 Nov 2017); STM = Suriye Türkmen Meclisi (Syrian Turkmen Assembly, coalition of Syrian Turkmen parties, affiliated with SNC, est.15 Dec 2012); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ALM = Harakat al-Tahrir al-'Arabiy (Arab Liberation Movement, authoritarian, nationalist, split from SSNP, 1952-1963, only legal party Apr 1952-Feb 1954); DB = Democratic Bloc; HI = Hizb Istiqlal (Independence Party, Syrian independence movement, forme by JAF, 5 Feb 1919-1928); HS = Hizb ash-Sha'ab (People's Party, conservative liberal, represented notables of Aleppo and Homs, split from KW, 1948-1958, 1961-1963); IK = al-Ittihad al-Kawmi (National Union, Arab nationalist, Arab socialist, Nasserism, anti-communist, U.A.R. national party, 28 May 1957-1962, merged into Arab Socialist Union); JAF = Jam'iyat al-'Arabiya al-Fatat (Young Arab Society, Arab nationalist, 14 Dec 1909-1920); KW = al-Kutlah al-Wataniyah (National Bloc, conservative liberal, Syrian nationalist, pro-independence, anti-French, 1928-1958, 1961-1963); LNA = 'Usbat al-'Amal al-Qawmi/Ligue d'Action Nationaliste (League of National Action, nationalist, 1932-1939); RP = Republican Party; SNP = Hizb al-Watani (National Party, nationalist, conservative, represented notables of Damascus, from 1946 named Syrian National Party, 1947-1958, 1961-1963); SSNP = al-Hizb al-Suri al-Qawmi al-'Ijtima'i/Parti Social Nationaliste Syrien (Syrian Socialist National Party, center-left, secular nationalist, 1932-1955, re-est.2005)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

13 Oct 2006                Declaration of an Islamic state in Iraq.
 8 Apr 2013                Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (the Levant) declared in 
                             lands occupied in Iraq and Syria (eventually claiming as
                             provinces: Iraq, Syria, Libya, Sinai, Yemen, Algeria, Khorasan
                             [Afghanistan, Pakistan], the Caucasus, Somalia, and West Africa).
Jan 2014                   Seizes control of Ar-Raqqah, Jarablos, and Manbij.
Jun 2014                   Seizes control of Mosul, Fallujah, Tikrit, Tal Afar and most of
                             western Iraq (and Ramadi 12 May - 28 Dec 2015).
29 Jun 2014                Caliphate declared, renamed Islamic State.
18 May 2015 - 27 Mar 2016  Palmyra occupied.
27 Mar 2016 - 11 Dec 2016  Syria liberates Palmyra.
17 Apr 2016                Iraq re-occupies Tikrit (and Fallujah on 26 Jun 2016).
12 Aug 2016                Manbij liberated.
16 Oct 2016                Turkish-backed rebels capture the town of Dabiq.
11 Dec 2016 -  2 Mar 2017  Palmyra re-occupied.
 2 Mar 2017                Syrian re-liberates Palmyra.
c.May 2017                 De facto capital moved to al-Mayadin.
12 May 2017                Syrian forces liberates Tabqa.
20 Jul 2017                Iraq liberates Mosul (begun 16 Oct 2016).
31 Aug 2017                Tal Afar liberated.
14 Oct 2017                Al-Mayadin is liberated.
17 Oct 2017                Ar-Raqqah is liberated (having begun 6 Jun 2017).
 3 Nov 2017                Deir ez-Zor in Syria and al-Qa'im and Husaybah in Iraq are
                             liberated.
10 Nov 2017                Abu Kamal is taken by Russian forces (briefly retaken by ISIL
                             11-19 Nov 2017 then liberated by the Syrian Army).
17 Nov 2017                Iraqi forces recapture Rawa, the last town held by ISIL in Iraq.
10 Dec 2017                Iraq's Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi says that Iraqi forces had
                             driven the last remnants of Islamic State from Iraq.
17 Nov 2018                Syrian government retakes the southern area of Tulul al-Safa.
14 Dec 2018                Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces forces seize Hajin.
15 Jan 2019                Al-Susah captured by Syrian Democratic Forces.
 7 Feb 2019                Marashidah and nearby areas captured by Syrian Democratic Forces.
23 Mar 2019                Last ISIL bastion of Baghuz Fawqani, Syria is liberated by
                             Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces.
26 Oct 2019                Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi kills himself by detonating a suicide vest
                             during a raid by U.S. special forces in Syria's Idlib province.
Mar 2020                   Syrian and Russian forces clear Jebel Bishri and its environs,
                             including al-Kawm.
 5 Sep 2020                Remote Doubayat gas field that formed ISIL's last clearly-held
                             territory in Syria is captured by Syrian forces.

1516                       Part of the Ottoman Empire (part of Damascus to 1534).
1534                       Aleppo Eyalet (Eyalet-i Haleb).
1864                       Vilayet of Aleppo (Vilayet-i Halep).
25 Oct 1918                Allied forces occupy Aleppo.
 1 Sep 1920                Government of Aleppo (Gouvernement d'Alep; also in official
                             use: État d'Alep [State of Aleppo]).
28 Jun 1922 -  1 Jan 1925  Part of Federation of Syrian States.
28 Jun 1922                State of Aleppo (Dawlat Halab = État d'Alep).
 1 Jan 1925                Unification with Damascus as State of Syria.

Sanjak Beys of Halab (Aleppo)
1516 - 1521                Ahmed Bey
1521                       Kasim Bey
1521 - 1523                Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
                             (1st time)
1523 - 1526                ....
1526 - 1527                Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
                             (2nd time)
1527 - 1531                Huseyin Bey (1st time)
1531 - 1534                Husrev Bey
1534 - 1535                Muhammad Bey
1535 - 1539                Huseyin Bey (2nd time)
1539 - 1540                Musa Bey
1540                       Uzun Süleyman
1540 - 1543                Huseyin Bey (3rd time)
1543 - 1545                Mustafa Bey
1545 - 1547                Sinan Bey bin Abdullah
1547 - 1549                Ibrahim Bey        
Beylerbeys
1549 - 1550                Osman Pasha
1550 - 1553                Dukaginzade Mehmed Pasha           (d. 1557)
1554                       Hizir Pasha
1554                       Piri Pasha
1554 - 1557                Kubad Pasha 
1557 - 1558                Ferhad Pasha
1558 - 15..                Haydar Pasha
15.. - 1563                Ali Pasha
1563                       Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1563 - 1564                Hizir Pasha
1564 - 1565                Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1565 - 1566                Ali Pasha
1566 - 1567                Sal Mahmud Pasha
Dec 1567 -  1568           Iskender Pasha
1568 - 1570                Derwish Pasha
1570 - 1571                Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1571 - 1572                Kasim Pasha ben Hizir
1572 - 1573                Hasan Pasha ben Hizir
1573 - 1575                ... (son of Mustafa Pasha)
1575 - 1576                Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1576                       Mahmud Pasha
1576 - 1577                Ali Pasha
1580 - 1581                Behram Pasha
bf.1580                    Nishanji Mehmed Pasha
1581 - 1582                Ahmed Pasha
c.1583                     Behram Pasha
Mar 1582 - 1583            Kara Uveis Pasha
1583 - 1584                Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1584                       Murad Pasha
1584                       Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1585                       Ridwan Pasha
1585 - 1586                Okçuzade Mehmed Pasha
1586 - 1587                Hasan Aga
1588 - 158.                Ali Pasha
158. - 158.                Mehmedpashazade Hasan Pasha
1591/92 - 1592/93          Bostanci Ali Pasha
1592/93                    Hadim Osman Pasha
1593                       Öküz Mehmed Pasha
1593/94                    Haydar Pasha
1593/94 - 1595/96          Mahmud Pasha
1595/96                    Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1596 - 1599                Ahmed Pasha bin Mahmud Beg al-Jundi  (d. 1599)
bf.1598                    Ali Pasha
1596/97                    Kurd Mehmed Pasha
1597/98                    Raziya Hatunzade Mustafa Pasha
af.1598                    Dalgiç Ahmed Pasha
Walis (Governors)
1599 - 1600                El Haj Ibrahim Pasha
1600 - 1601                Ali Pasha
1601                       Beshir Pasha
1601                       Sherif Pasha
1601 - 1602                Hasan Pasha
1602 - 1603                Nasuh Pasha
1603/4 - 1605              Canbulatoglu Huseyin Pasha 
1605 - 1606                Canbuladoğlu Ali Pasha               (d. 1610)
 7 Jan 1606 - 1606?        Shems Pasha
Mar 1606 - May 1606?       Kaçar Mehmed Pasha
1606 - 1607                Deli Ferhad Pasha     
10 Oct 1607 - 1608         Dizlink Huseyin Pasha
1608                       Emin Mehmed Pasha                    (d. 1611)
1608 - 1609                Yusuf Pasha
1609 - 1610                Kücük Pasha
1610 - 1613                Mahmud Pasha
1613 - 1618?               Ekmekci-zade Ahmed Pasha
1618                       Ferhad Pasha
1618 - 1619                Abaza Mehmed Pasha
24 Dec 1619 - 1620         Ökuz Mehmed Pasha
 4 Dec 1620 - 162.         Yusuf Pasha
23 Jul 1622 - 162.         Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
1623 - 162.                Hamidli Mustafa Pasha               (d. 1624/25)
162. - 1624?               Murad Pasha
1625 - 1625/26?            Mustafa Pasha
1625/26? - 1631            Nogay Murtaza Pasha
 3 Oct 1631 - 1632         Suleyman Pasha
1632 - 27 Dec 1633         Nogay Pasha
Dec 1633 - 1636            Silihtar Ahmed Pasha
23 Oct 1636 - Oct 1637     Hasan Pasha
Oct 1637 - 1641?           Kurshuncu Mehmed Pasha
11 Nov 1641 - 1642?        Nasuh Pasha oglu Huseyin Pasha
1642 - 1643?               Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1643                       Çiftelerli Osman Pasha             (d. 1647)
1643 - 1644                Siyawush Pasha
17 Jul 1644 - 1644         Haydar Agazade Mehmed Pasha
 1 Aug 1644 - 1644         Ibrahim Pasha
 9 Oct 1644 - 1645         Dervish Mehmed Pasha
Oct 1645 - 1645            Gürcu Mehmed Pasha
19 Dec 1645 - 1647         Ibrahim Pasha
21 Oct 1647 - 1647         Mehmed Pasha
1647 - 1648                Acem Hasan Pasha
Jan 1648 - Aug 1648        Debbag Ahmed Pasha
1648 - 16..                Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
                             (1st time)
1651                       Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1653 - 165.                Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
165. - 1654                Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
                             (2nd time)
1654                       Tayyarzade Mustafa Pasha
1655                       Kara Mustafa Pasha
1655                       Seydi Ahmed Pasha
1655                       Murtaza Pasha
1656 - 1657                Abaza Hasan Pasha                   (d. 1659)
                             (in opposition to 17 Feb 1659)
1657/58 - 1658/1659        Sökhte Mahmud Pasha
1658/59 - 1659             Konakci Ali Pasha
Aug/Sep 1659 - 1660        Khassiki Mehmed Pasha
1660 - 1661                Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1661 - 166.            Ahmed Pasha
166. - 166.                Yusuf Pasha
Nov 1662 - Oct 1664        Gürcu Mehmed Pasha
20 Oct 1664 - 166.         Sari Hüseyin Pasha
1666 - 1667                Damad Hüseyin Pasha
1668 - 1669                Ibrahim Pasha
1669 - 1670                Silahdar Huseyin Pasha
Jan 1670 - 167.            Kiayia Pasha
Apr 1672 - c.1672          Kaplan Mustafa Pasha
1674 - 167.                Ibrahim Pasha
1676 - 1678                Kara Mehmed Pasha
1678 - 16..                Huseyin Pasha
1681 - 168.                Deli Ebûbekir Pasha
1682                       Mahmud Pasha
1682 - 1683                Kara Bekir Pasha
1684                       Mustafa Pasha
1684                       Cerkes Ahmed Pasha
1684                       Tekfurdagli Bekri Pasha
1684 - Dec 1685            Seytan Ibrahim Pasha               (d. 1685)
1685                       Arnavut Abdi Pasha
Dec 1685 - 1686            (Sarhosh) Bosnak Ahmed Pasha
1686                       Abaza Siyavus Pasha
1686 - 1687                Hazinedar Hasan Pasha
1687                       Yegen Osman Pasha
1687                       Hazinedar Hasan
1687 - 1688                Yegen Osman
1688 - 1689                Arap Receb Pasha
1689 - 1690/91             Arnavut Koca Halil Pasha
1691                       Topal Huseyin Pasha
1692                       Büyük Çafer (1st time)
1694                       Dursun Mehmed Pasha
1695                       Büyük Çafer (2nd time)
1696                       Cerkes Osman Pasha
1696/1697                  Kanicali Osman
1697                       Morali Hasan Pasha
1698                       Eyüplu Hasan Pasha
1699                       Beyzade Ali Pasha
1700 - 170.                Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1702 - 170.                Cetrefiloglu Yusuf Pasha
1702/03                    Arap Ömer Pasha
1703                       Çorlulu Ali Pasha
1703 - 1704                Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1704 - Dec 1704?       Hacikiran Hasan Pasha
Dec 1704 - 1705/6          Abaza Süleyman Pasha
Jan 1705 - 1705/06         Silahtar Sül Pasha
1705/06 - 1707             Damad Ibrahim Pasha
May 1707 - Jan 1709?       Arnavut Abdi Pasha
1709 - 1710                Baltaci Mehmed Pasha               (b. 1660 - d. 1712)
Oct 1710 - 171.            Damad Ibrahim Pasha
end 1711 - 1712?           Kethüda Ismail Pasha
1712 - 1713                Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1713 - 1714                Topal Yusuf Pasha
1714 - Dec 1714            Asci Ibrahim Pasha
1715                       Divrikli Abdullah Pasha
1715 - 1716?               Koca Mustafa Pasha
1716                       Maktulzade Ali Pasha
Dec 1716 - Mar 1717        Asci Ibrahim Pasha
Mar/Apr 1717 - 1717        Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1717 - 1719                ....
Jan/Feb 1719 - 1719?       Arnavut Recep Pasha (1st time)
1719 - 1719/20             Morali Ali Pasha                   (d. 1735)
1720                       Arifi Ahmed Pasha
1720 - 1721                Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha
1721 - 1724?               Arnavut Recep Pasha (2nd time)
c.Sep 1724                 Kürt Ibrahim Pasha
1724 – 1725                Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
Oct 1725 - Jan 1727        Bosnak Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1727 - 1728            Arifi Ahmed Pasha
1728/29 - 1730/31?         Genç Ali Pasha
1730/31                    Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
22 Jan 1731 - Mar 1733     Silahtar Mehmed Pasha
1731/2 - Oct 1732          Arifi Ahmed Pasha                  (d. 1732)
1733/34                    Aydinli Abdullah Pasha
1734 - 1735                Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1736/7 - 1737/38           Silahtar Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1737/38 - 1740?            Uthman Pasha?
c.1740                     Kazikçi(?) Hüseyin Pasha
Jun 1740 - 1743            Ya'kub Pasha
1744 - Apr 1745            Sehla Ahmed Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1753)
Sep 1745 – 174.            Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Dec 1745 - Nov/Dec 1746    Sehla Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1747                       Sehla Ahmed Pasha (3rd time)       (s.a.)
Jun 1747 - 1747            Kazikçi Hüseyin Pasha
1747 - 17..                Kur Vesir Pasha
1750 - 1751                Ismail Pasha
Dec 1750 - 1751            Azmzade Sa'deddin Pasha            (d. 1762)
Sep/Oct 1751 - Jun? 1752   Seyyid Emir Ahmed Pasha
1752                       Sari Abdurrahman Pasha             (d. 1752)
1752 - Feb 1753?           Sehla Ahmed Pasha (4th time)       (s.a.)
27 Jul 1755 – 1756         Koca Mehmed Raghib Pasha           (d. 1763)
Mar/Apr 1757 - 1757        Haci Ali Zishtovili Pasha
Aug/Sep 1757-Oct/Nov 1757  Ceteci Abdullah Pasha
Apr 1758 - Jul 1758        Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
Jun 1759 - Jan 1760        Kücük/Sinek Mustafa Pasha
Jan 1760 - Mar 1760        Boynuegri Abdullah Pasha           (d. 1760)
1760 - Dec 1761            Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
1762                       Abdullah Pasha al-Farari
1763                       Kusta Mustafa Bakir Pasha
Dec 1763 - 1764            Azmzade Mehmed Pasha
Apr 1764 - 176.            Köprülüzade Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Apr 1765 - 1765            Melek Ahmed Pasha
1765                       Sunbatzade Mehmed Pasha
1765 – 1767                Ahmed Pasha
1767                       Mehmed Pasha
1767                       Kul Ahmed Pashazade Ali Pasha
Apr 1767 - 1768            Silahdar Hamza Pasha
Mar 1768 - Jul 1768        Yaglikçizade Emin Mehmed Pasha
1768/69 - May 1769?        Halebli Recep Pasha
1769                       Topal Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1769 - Apr 1770?       Asaf Mehmed Pasha
1770 - 1771                Abdarrahman Pasha
177.                       Çatalcali Ali Pasha
Mar 1773 - Jul 1774        Uthman Pasha al Wakil?
1774 - 1775                Ibrahim Pashazade Mehmed Pasha
1775                       Osman Pashazâde Mehmed Pasha
1775 - Dec 1775            Ali Pasha
1776 – Jun 1778?           Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1st time)
1778 - 1779?               Asaf Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
c.1778                     Çerkes Hasan Pasha
1779 - 1780                Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time)
1780 - Mar 1781            Koca Abdi Pasha
Mar 1781 - 178.            Azmzade Yusuf Pasha
178. - 178.                Çelik Mustafa Pasha
1781 – 178.                Osman Pasha
1782                       Hazinedar Sahin Ali Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1782 - 1783            Seyyid Mustafa Pasha
1784                       Ohrili Ahmed Pasha
Jun/Jul 1784 - 1785        Keki Abdi Pasha (1st time)         (d. 1789)
                             (de facto to 1784)
1784 - 1785                Muhammad Taha Zadah
                           + Genj Ahmad Hummusa
                           (de facto)
13 Feb 1785 - 30 Mar 1785  Hazinedar Sahin Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1785                       Abdülcelilzade Süleyman Pasha
1785                       Haci Mustafa Pasha
1786 – 178.                Hüseyin Battal Pasha 
1787                       Uthman Pasha (did not take office)
1787 - 1789                Mikdad Ahmed Pasha
1789 - Mar/Apr 1789        Keki Abdi Pasha (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1790? - 179.               Apci Ibrahim Pasha 
179. – 1791                Bayrakli Kusa Mustafa Pasha
1791                       Süleyman Fayzi Pasha (1st time)    (d. 1794)
1792                       Qilici Osman Pasha
1792                       Osman Pasha
1792                       Ibrahim Aga Kara Agazi
1793 – 1794                Süleyman Fayzi Pasha (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1794 – 1795                Abdullah Pasha al-Azm              (d. 1810)
1795/6 - 1797?             Mîrialem Ebu Bekir Pasha
1797                       Ellüki Hasan Pasha
end 1797 - 1798?           Tashrali Mustafa Pasha
1798 - ....                Sherif Mehmed Pasha
1800/01 - 180.             Azmzâde Nasuh Pasha                (d. 1814)
1801/02 - 1803/04          Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)
180. - 1804                Ibrahim Pasha Qattar Agisi 
1804 - 1805                Yasin Agha
                           + Hasan bin al-Khallas
1805 – 180.                Alaeddin Pasha
180. - c.1806              Müftizâde Ahmed Pasha
1807 - 1808                Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)
1808 – 1809                Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha          (d. 1819)
1811/12 - 1813             Shemli Raghib Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1813 - 1816            Capan-odjlu Celaleddin Mehmed Pasha
1816 - 181.                Laz Ahmed Pasha
1817 - 1818                Müftizade Ahmed Pasha
1818 - 1820                Hurshid Ahmed Pasha
1820/21 - 1822             Beylanli Mustafa Pasha
1822 - Feb 1823            Behram Mehmed Pasha
Feb 1823 - Apr 1823        Seyyid Hasan Riza Pasha
May/Jun 1823 - 1824?       Beylanli Mehmed Pasha 
1824 – 1826/27             Mehmed Wahid Pasha
1826/27 - Aug 1827?        Yusuf Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1827 - 1828            Mehemet Emin Rauf Pasha
Aug 1828 - 1828/29         Behram Mehmed Pasha
1828/29 - 1829/30?         Ispartali Ibrahim Pasha
1829/30 - 1830?            Ahmed Bey
1830 – 1830/31             Trabzonlu Ali Pasha
1830/31 - Nov 1831?        Bendereli Selim Mehmed Pasha
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840  Ismail Bey -Egyptian governor
Jul 1840 - Aug 1842        Ayasli Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1842 - Jan 1845        Yozgatli Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Feb 1845 - Jun 1846        Dellalzade Osman Pasha
Jul 1846 - Aug 1848        Musrafa Mazhar Pasha               (d. 1852)
Aug 1848 - Sep 1848        Halil Kamil Pasha
Aug 1849 - Oct 1850        Mustafa Zarif Pasha                (d. 1863)
Oct 1850 - Sep 1851        Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha              (b. 1813 - d.  1865)
Sep 1851 - Nov 1852        Osman Nuri Pasha
Nov 1852 - Dec 1854        Arnavut Süleyman Pasha Re'fet      (b. 1807 - d. 1864)
Jan 1855 - Dec 1855        Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Dec 1855 - Jan 1857        Nasuhzade Mehemet Hamdi Pasha
Jan 1857 - Aug 1857        Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1857 - Aug 1858        Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Aug 1858 - May 1860        Bostançibashizade Mehemet Reshid   (d. 1876)
                             Pasha  
May 1860 - Dec 1860        Sehsuvarzade Ismail Hakki Pasha
Dec 1860 - Feb 1863        Ramazanoglu Mehemet Ismet Pasha
Feb 1863 - Jan 1866        Mustafa Süreyya Pasha (1st time)   (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
Jan 1866 - Feb 1868        Ahmed Çevdet Pasha                 (b. 1822 – d. 1895)
May 1868 – Jan 1869        Rashid Nashid Pasha
Jan 1869 - Jan 1872        Lofçali Ibrahim Dervish Pasha      (b. 1822 - d. 1896)
Jan 1872 - Jun 1872        Mustafa Süreyya Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Jun 1872 - May 1873        Haci Ali Pasha Kütahyali
May 1873 - Jun 1874        Babanli Ahmed Pasha
Dec 1874 - Mar 1875        Hasan Samih Pasha
Mar 1875 – Jun 1876        Sakizli Esad Muhlis Pasha          (d. 1876)
Jun 1876 - Feb 1878        Kartalli Mehmed Emin Pasha         (b. 1840 - d. 1892)
Feb 1878 - Mar 1879        Kibrizli Mehemet Kamil Pasha       (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
Mar 1879 - Sep 1879        Abdullah Ghâlib Pasha              (b. 1829 – d. 1905)
Sep 1879 - Jan 1881        Ingiliz Mehemet Said Pasha         (b. 1830 - d. 1896)
Jan 1881 - Dec 1886        Çemil Huseyin Pasha                (d. 1890)
Dec 1886 - Oct 1887        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1887 - Mar 1890        Hasan Haqqi Pasha (1st time)       (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
Mar 1890 - Dec 1892        Yenisehirli Arif Pasha
Dec 1892 - Jun 1894        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)  
Jun 1894 – Nov 1895        Hasan Haqqi Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Nov 1895 - Jan 1896        Mustafa Zihni Pasha                (b. 1838 - d. 1912)
Jan 1896 - Jul 1900        Köseraif Mehemet Raif Pasha        (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Jul 1900 - Sep 1902        Enis Pasha
Sep 1902 – Aug 1904        Mecid Efendi (acting)
Aug 1904 – Aug 1905        Osman Kazim Pasha 
Aug 1905 - Sep 1906        Mehemet Nazim Pasha                (b. 1870 - d. 1926)
Sep 1908 - Sep 1909        Ahmed Reshid Pasha                 (b. 1870 - d. 1955)
Sep 1909 - Aug 1910        Fahri Pasha
Aug 1910 - Jul 1911        Kadri Huseyin Kazim Bey            (b. 1870 - d. 1934)
Jul 1911 - Jun 1912        Ali Mazhar Bey
Jun 1912 - Aug 1912        Ali Galib Bey                      (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
Aug 1912 – Dec 1912        Mustafa Vefiq Pasha                (b. 18.. - d. 1912)
Jan 1913 - Jun 1913        Ali Münif Bey                      (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
Jul 1913 - Jun 1915        Mehemet Celal Bey                  (b. 1863 - d. 1926)
Oct 1915 - Apr 1917        Renda Mustafa Abdulhalik Bey       (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
                             (1st time)
Apr 1917 - Apr 1918        Tevfik Bey
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918        Bayindir Mustafa Atif Bey          (b. 1883 - d. 1977)
Sep 1918 - Oct 1918        Renda Mustafa Abdulhalik Bey       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Governors General of the State of Aleppo
 4 Oct 1920 -  5 Mar 1923  Muhammad Kamil Basha al-Kudsi      (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
                             (Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi)
 5 Mar 1923 - 17 Jan 1924  Mustafa Bey Barmada                (b. 1883 – d. 1953)
18 Jan 1924 -  1 Jan 1925  Mar'i Basha al-Mallah              (b. 1856 – d. 1930)

French Delegates of the High Commissioner
1920 - 1922                Marie Clément Maurice de Lamothe   (b. 1866 - d. 1929)
1922 - 1924                Gaston Henri Billotte              (b. 1875 – d. 1940)
1925                       Jacques Reclus                     (b. 1879 - d. 1960)

Zor (Deir ez-Zor)

1516                       Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1832 - 1840                Egyptian occupation (as part of Aleppo).
1864                       Sanjak of Zor (Deyr-i-Zor sancağı) at Deir Ez-Zor as a
                             district (kaymakam) of Aleppo.
1877/78                    Zor sanjak split from Aleppo, directly dependent on Istanbul.
 6 Nov 1918                Ottoman administration departs.
 6 Nov 1918 -  1 Dec 1918  Under local administration.
 1 Dec 1918                Part of Syria.
11 Jan 1919 - 27 Dec 1919  Occupied by British forces from Iraq.
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920  Under local administration.
 6 Nov 1921                ez-Zor, Raqqa, and Hasakah annexed to the Government of Aleppo
                             (follows Aleppo from this era).

Kaymakam (district administrator)
1864 - 1865 (6 months)     Omar Pasha
1865 - 1866                Khalil Bey
1866 (6 months)            Ahmed Helmy Effendi
1866 - 1868                Osman Effendi
1868                       Hosni Pasha
1868 - 1871                Arslan Pasha
1871 - 1874                Omar Pash
1874 - 1876                Qasim Pasha
1876 - 1877                Hussein Pasha al-Halabi
Mutesarrifs
1877 - 1879                Ali Pasha al-Sharif
1879 - 1881                Hassan Pasha al-Fariq
1881 - 1883                Muhammad Rashid Pasha
1883                       Yusef Tala Pasha
1883 - 1885                Ibrahim Pasha
1885 - 1889                Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha
1889                       Hafez Pasha
1889 - 1893                Salih Pasha
1893                       Mustafa Rifki Pasha
1893 - 1897                Ismail Zuhdi Bey
1897 - 1900                Ahmed Shukri Pasha
1900 - 1902                Ahmed Rashid Pasha
1902 - 1903                Hussein Muharram Bey
1903 - 1908                Rashid Pasha
1908 - 1910                Jamal Bey
1910 - 1912                Jalal Bey
1912 - 1916                Ali Saeaduh Bey
1916 - 1917                Zkai Bey
1917 - 1918                Abdul Qadir Bey
1918 -  6 Nov 1918         Hilmi Bey
Mayor
 6 Nov 1918 -  1 Dec 1918  Haji Fadel Abboud al-Hassan        (b. 1872 - d. 1936)
                             (1st time)
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920  Haji Fadel Abboud al-Hassan        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

 1 Dec 1920                State of Damascus (Dawlat Dimashq = État de Damas).
28 Jun 1922                Incorporated into Syria.

Governor of the State of Damascus
20 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922  Haqqi Bey bin Abdul Qadir al-Azm   (b. 1864 - d. 1955)

Delegates of the High Commissioner
Aug 1920 - Dec 1922        Georges Albert Julien Catroux      (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
Dec 1922 - Dec 1924        Ernest Marie Hubert Schoeffler     (b. 1877 - d. 1952)

 1 Sep 1920                Territory of Alawites (Bilad al-'Alawiyyun = Territoire des
                             Alaouites).
28 Jun 1922 -  1 Jan 1925  Part of the Federation of Syrian States.
12 Jul 1922                Renamed State of Alawites (Dawlat al-'Alawiyyun = État des
                             Alaouites).
 1 Jan 1925                Constituted an independent state.
14 May 1930                Latakia (al-Ladhiqiyya = Lattaquié), an autonomous state.
 5 Dec 1936                Incorporated into Syria.
 4 Feb 1937                Delegate of the High Commissioner in Latakia ceased to exercise
                             the functions of Governor of Latakia (retroactively effective
                             from 11 Jan 1937).

Administrators
 3 Nov 1918 - 1919         Minault
1919 - Sep 1920            de la Roche
Administrators of the Territory of Alawites
20 Sep 1920 - 20? Sep 1921 Marie Joseph Émile Niéger          (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
20? Sep 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte      (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
Governors of the State of Alawites
12 Jul 1922 - Nov 1922     Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte      (s.a.)
17 Nov 1922 - Jan 1923     Desclaux (acting)
 1 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1925  Léon Henri Charles Cayla           (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
 4 May 1923 - Sep 1923     René Victor Eugène Fauconnier      (b. 1877 - d. 1925)
                             (acting for Cayla)
Jan 1925 - 16 Jul 1925     Antoine Privat-Aubouard            (b. 1874 - d. 1934)
                             (acting for Cayla)
16 Jul 1925 -  4 Feb 1937  Ernest Marie Hubert Schoeffler     (b. 1877 - d. 1952)
17 Jun 1932 - Sep 1932     Pierre Lafond
                             (acting for Schoeffler)
Delegates of the High Commissioner
 4 Feb 1937 - Oct 1938     Eugène Paul Aimé Joseph Cahour     (b. 1885 - d. 1954)
 1 Oct 1938 - Dec 1939     Pierre Bart                        (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
 7 Dec 1939 - Dec 1940     François Malartre                  (b. 1865 - d. 1951)
10 Dec 1940 - Oct 1941     Jean Janvier Vital Jourdan
27 Oct 1941 - Oct 1942     Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey      (b. 1892 - d. 1964)
25 Oct 1942 - 1945         Robert Léonce Marcel des Essars    (b. 1898 - d. 1967)

 1 May 1921                Autonomous
24 Oct 1922                Jebel Druze (Jabal al-Duruz = Djébel Druze) organized as a
                             self-governing territory.
 2 Dec 1936                Incorporated into Syria.

Governors
 1 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923  Amir Salim Basha bin Ismali        (b. 18.. - d. 1923)
                             al-Atrash 
Jan 1923 -  Jul 1923       Trenga (acting for al-Atrash)      (b. 1881 - d. 1971)
                             (French adviser May 1921 - Jul 1923)
Sep 1923 -  6 Mar 1924     Trenga (interim)                   (s.a.)
 6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925  Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet     (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
                             (interim to 1 Oct 1924)
28 May 1925 -  6 Jul 1925  Antoine Raynaud
                             (acting for Carbillet)
 6 Jul 1925 - 14 Oct 1925  Tommy Martin (acting for Carbillet)
18 Jul 1925 -  1 Jun 1927  Amir Sultan Basha bin Badhuqan     (b. 1885 - d. 1982)
                             al-Atrash 
                            (Head of the State of Syria; in rebellion)
14 Oct 1925 - 1927         Charles Andréa                     (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1927                       Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry   (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
1927 - 1932                Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grandcourt(b. 1873 - d. 1948)
 3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934  Claude Gabriel Renaud Massiet      (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
1934 - Feb 1935            Justin Antoine Devicq
 5 Feb 1935 -  4 Feb 1937  Pierre Joseph François Tarrit      (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
1937 - 1941                Paul Bouvier                       (b. 1885 - d. 1972)
1941                       Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey      (b. 1892 - d. 1964)
                             "Monclar" 
1941 – Jul/Sep 1943        Fernand François Michel Oliva-Roget(b. 1891 - d. 1949)

Prefects
1936 - 1937                Nasib al-Bakri                     (b. 1888 - d. 1966)
1937 - 1938                Bahig al-Hatib (acting)
17 Feb 1938 - 1939         Hasan al-Atrash                    (b. 1905 - d. 1977)

Golan Heights (UNDOF)

29 Sep 1918                British occupation of Quneitra (Kuneitra).
23 Dec 1920                Franco-British Convention places the bulk of the Golan Heights
                             in the French Mandate of Syria.
22 Dec 1943                Golan Heights part of independent Syria.
20 Jul 1949                Israeli-Syrian armistice. Demilitarized zones in El Auja
                             on Israeli side and near Sea of Galilee are established
                             under UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) protection.
21 Sep 1956                El Auja demilitarized zone occupied by Israel.
31 Aug 1964                Quneitra governorate declared by splitting it from the Rif
                             Dimashq governorate by Syria (not fully effected).
9/10 Jun 1967              Israel occupies the entire Golan Heights. 
 6-8 Oct 1973              Partial Syrian re-occupation.
 1 Jun 1974                United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) established.
 6 Jun 1974                Israeli forces withdraw from Quneitra.
14 Dec 1981                Golan Heights annexed by Israel (not internationally recognized,
                             except by the U.S. from 25 Mar 2019).

Commanders of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
 3 Jun 1974 - 14 Dec 1974  Gonzalo Briceño Zevallos (Peru)      (b. 1923 - d. 2012)
                             (interim)
15 Dec 1974 - 21 Apr 1979  Johann "Hannes" Philipp (Austria)    (b. 1930 - d. 2024)
                             (officer in charge to 7 Jul 1975)
22 Apr 1979 - 25 Feb 1981  Günther G. Greindl (Austria)         (b. 1939) 
                             (officer in charge to 30 Nov 1979)
28 Feb 1981 - 19 Feb 1982  Erkki Rainer Kaira (Finland)         (b. 1926 - d. 1991)
19 Feb 1982 - 31 May 1982  Walter Schmitt (Austria) 
                             (acting) 
 1 Jun 1982 - 31 May 1985  Carl-Gustav Ståhl (Sweden)           (b. 1920 - d. 2016)
 1 Jun 1985 - 31 May 1986  Johan Edvin Birger Gustav Hägglund   (b. 1938)
                             (Finland)
31 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1986  William Allan Douglas Yuill (Canada) (b. 1929 - d. 2016)
                             (acting) 
 1 Jul 1986 - 10 Sep 1988  Gustaf A. Welin (Swedish)            (b. 1930 - d. 2008)
10 Sep 1988 - Sep 1991     Adolf Radauer (Austria)              (b. 1935 - d. 2017)
Sep 1991 - 30 Nov 1994     Roman Misztal (Poland)               (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
 6 Jan 1995 - 31 May 1997  Johannes C. Kosters (Netherlands)    (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
 1 Jun 1997 - 31 Aug 1998  David "Dave" Stapleton (Ireland)     (b. 1937 - d. 2016)
Sep 1998 - 30 Jun 2000     Hugh Cameron Ross (Canada)           (b. 1949)
 1 Aug 2000 - 13 Aug 2003  Bo Lennart Wranker (Sweden)          (b. 1946)
13 Aug 2003 - 16 Jan 2004  Franciszek Gągor (Poland)            (b. 1951 - d. 2010)
16 Jan 2004 - 17 Jan 2007  Bala Nanda Sharma (Nepal)            (b. 1949)
23 Jan 2007 -  1 Mar 2010  Wolfgang Jilke (Austria)             (b. 1949)
 1 Mar 2010 - 13 Aug 2012  Natalio C. Ecarma III (Philippines)  (b. 1955)
14 Aug 2012 -  2 Jan 2015  Iqbal Singh Singha (India)           (b. 1956)
 2 Jan 2015 -  8 Feb 2015  Anthony Hanlon (Ireland) (acting)
 8 Feb 2015 -  7 Feb 2016  Purna Chandra Thapa (Nepal)          (b. 1960)
 7 Feb 2016 - 30 Sep 2017  Jai Shanker Menon (India)            (b. 1959)
 1 Oct 2017 - 13 Oct 2017  Mauri Tapani Koskela (Finland)       (b. 1960)
                             (acting)
13 Oct 2017 - 19 Apr 2019  Francis Vib-Sanziri (Ghana)          (b. 1957 - d. 2019)
20 Apr 2019 -  9 Jun 2019  Kuldip Pattok (India)(acting)
 9 Jun 2019 - 18 Oct 2019  Shivaram Kharel (Nepal) (acting)     (b. 1963)
18 Oct 2019 - 26 Jul 2020  Maureen O'Brien (f)(Ireland)(acting) (b. 1965)
26 Jul 2020 - Jul 2022     Ishwar Hamal (Nepal)
Jul 2022 - 15 Sep 2022     Anita Asmah (f)(Ghana) (acting)
15 Sep 2022 -              Nirmal Kumar Thapa (Nepal)