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In 2023, 12.3 percent of all employees working in the European Union were classed as being temporary employees, such as those with seasonal employment, or those employed through an agency. During the provided time period, the share of people employed as temporary workers in the EU peaked in 2017, at 15 percent.

Temporary employees as percentage of the total number of employees in the European Union (EU27) from 2009 to 2023

Characteristic	Temporary employees as percentage of overall workforce
2009	14%
2010	14.4%
2011	14.6%
2012	14.2%
2013	14.1%
2014	14.6%
2015	14.9%
2016	14.9%
2017	15%
2018	14.8%
2019	14.2%
2020	12.9%
2021	13%
2022	12.9%
2023	12.3%

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Release date

September 2024

More information

Region

Survey time period

2009 to 2023

Age group

20-64 years

Supplementary notes

The source adds the following information: "A job may be considered temporary if employer and employee agree that its end is determined by objective conditions such as a specific date, the completion of a task or the return of another employee who has been temporarily replaced (usually stated in a work contract of limited duration). Typical cases are: (a) persons with seasonal employment; (b) persons engaged by an agency or employment exchange and hired to a third party to perform a specific task (unless there is a written work contract of unlimited duration); (c) persons with specific training contracts. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey."

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