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. 2018 Jan 21;8(1):e017673.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017673.

Evaluating dengue burden in Africa in passive fever surveillance and seroprevalence studies: protocol of field studies of the Dengue Vaccine Initiative

Jacqueline Kyungah Lim  1   2 , Mabel Carabali  1   3 , Jung-Seok Lee  4 , Kang-Sung Lee  4 , Suk Namkung  1 , Sl-Ki Lim  1 , Valéry Ridde  5 , Jose Fernandes  6 , Bertrand Lell  6 , Sultani Hadley Matendechero  7 , Meral Esen  8 , Esther Andia  9 , Noah Oyembo  9 , Ahmed Barro  10 , Emmanuel Bonnet  11 , Sammy M Njenga  9 , Selidji Todagbe Agnandji  6 , Seydou Yaro  12 , Neal Alexander  2 , In-Kyu Yoon  1
Affiliations

Evaluating dengue burden in Africa in passive fever surveillance and seroprevalence studies: protocol of field studies of the Dengue Vaccine Initiative

Jacqueline Kyungah Lim et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Introduction: Dengue is an important and well-documented public health problem in the Asia-Pacific and Latin American regions. However, in Africa, information on disease burden is limited to case reports and reports of sporadic outbreaks, thus hindering the implementation of public health actions for disease control. To gather evidence on the undocumented burden of dengue in Africa, epidemiological studies with standardised methods were launched in three locations in Africa.

Methods and analysis: In 2014-2017, the Dengue Vaccine Initiative initiated field studies at three sites in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Lambaréné, Gabon and Mombasa, Kenya to obtain comparable incidence data on dengue and assess its burden through standardised hospital-based surveillance and community-based serological methods. Multidisciplinary measurements of the burden of dengue were obtained through field studies that included passive facility-based fever surveillance, cost-of-illness surveys, serological surveys and healthcare utilisation surveys. All three sites conducted case detection using standardised procedures with uniform laboratory assays to diagnose dengue. Healthcare utilisation surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare seeking patterns. The fever surveillance data will allow calculation of age-specific incidence rates and comparison of symptomatic presentation between patients with dengue and non-dengue using multivariable logistic regression. Serological surveys assessed changes in immune status of cohorts of approximately 3000 randomly selected residents at each site at 6-month intervals. The age-stratified serosurvey data will allow calculation of seroprevalence and force of infection of dengue. Cost-of-illness evaluations were conducted among patients with acute dengue by Rapid Diagnostic Test.

Ethics and dissemination: By standardising methods to evaluate dengue burden across several sites in Africa, these studies will generate evidence for dengue burden in Africa and data will be disseminated as publication in peer-review journals in 2018.

Keywords: dengue; epidemiology; public health; tropical medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Description of the study components, including passive facility-based fever surveillance, healthcare utilisation surveys, cost-of-illness surveys and serological surveys. There are two arms in the study package, composed of four parts. In the health facility-based arm of the study package, there are passive facility-based fever surveillance and cost-of-illness survey embedded within the surveillance. In the community arm of the study, there are serological survey and healthcare utilisation survey.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of the study area in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Map of the study area in Lambaréné, Gabon.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Map of the study area in Mombasa, Kenya.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Patient flow in the fever surveillance. Eligible febrile patients identified and enrolled as study subjects followed these steps to complete participation in the passive fever surveillance. * A small number of those samples that are negative on ELISA or NS1 are tested with PCR to exclude false negative results of the ELISA. CRF, case report form.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Laboratory testing algorithm for dengue. Samples from subjects of the passive fever surveillance would follow these steps of the testing algorithm for confirmation of dengue. *Dengue Duo®test is performed on enrolled febrile patients to identify dengue cases for immediate follow-up of dengue-confirmed cases in the cost-of-illness survey. **Selected samples, including those that were found positive by IgM and NS1 on Dengue Duo®, as well as those positive by IgM and IgG capture ELISA, will be tested with RT-PCR.
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