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Link to original content: http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E00.htm
Biogas processes for sustainable development
by Uri Marchaim
MIGAL Galilee Technological Centre Kiryat Shmona, Israel
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
M-09
ISBN 92-5-103126-6
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1992
Chapter one: Preface and objectives of the review
Chapter two: Introduction and overview
Chapter three: Short historical background on anaerobic digestion
Historical developments of anaerobic digestion technology
Present interest in anaerobic digestion
Chapter four: Microbiology biochemistry and physiology
Microbiology and biochemistry
Microbial metabolism in anaerobic digestion
Methanogenic bacteria
Homo-acetogenic bacterial metabolism
Hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria
Interspecies hydrogen transfer
The methanogens - distribution and taxonomy
Methanogens in hypersaline environments
Influence of high salt levels on methanogenic digestion
Growth substrates of methanogenic bacteria
Nutritional and physiological requirements
The effects of environaental fact ors on anaerobic digestion
Influence of carbon/nitrogen ratio on digestion
Biodegradability of digester feedstock
Chapter five: Environmental pollution and pathogen control
Environmental pollution
The need for decontamination
The role of blogas in improving rural development, environment and ecology.
Chapter six: Aerobic versus anaerobic wastewater treatment
Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic treatment
Anaerobic treatment systems for municipal wastewater
Anaerobic filter studies
Anaerobic extended and fluidized beds
UASB studies
Conclusions
Chapter seven: Anaerobic processes, plant design and control
Digester types
Sizing of digesters
Comparison of alternative design approaches
Problems and solutions of feedstocks and effluents in full-scale biogas plants (based on hobson, 1987)Digester feedstocks
Mechanical problems
Chemical and biochemical treatments of feedstocks
Digester effluentControl device in an anaerobic digestion process
Process control
Chapter eight: Output and its use I
Biogas as an alternative energy source
Domestic uses
Agricultural and industrial uses
Use of biogas for vehicle fuelPhysical and chemical properties of hydrogen sulohide
The origins of hydroqen sulphide in biogas plants
The effect of H2S on the biogas plant and the gas-utilization equipment
Engines
The odour of biogas
Determination of the H2S content of biogas
Methods for removing H2S from biogas
RegenerationBiogas production and utilization in China
Use of biogas in India
Experience of full scale plant of biogas generation at Hambran, Punjab
Effect of temperature variation on gas production
Chapter nine: Output and its use II
Digested slurry: the profit lies in the use of the effluent
Biomass uses without anaerobic digestionThe effect of use on the nitrogen present in the biomass is discussed below.
Biomass uses following anaerobic digestion
Land application of effluent
Algae production
The use of anaerobic fermentation treatment in livestock breeding
Nutritional value of effluent in livestock diets
Fish feeding with digested cow manure
Effluent as a substrate for growing plants and cropsUses of effluent for mushroom production
Composting processes
Process alternatives for composting
Is the composting profitable?
Composition and digestibility of different sized fractions in cattle slurry
Chapter ten: Integrated approach to the anaerobic digestion process
Possible integrated systems
Methodology to assess integrated systems
Existing integrated systems
Chapter eleven: The economics of anaerobic digestion
Introduction
Analysis of economic feasibility for biogas construction
Economic analysis of simple biogas pit for household use in rural area
Economic analyses of cement biogas pits for household use in chinese rural area.
Economic analysis of community biogas plants in China.
Community level plants in India
Experience of economic evaluation in other countries
Economic analysis on electricity generation with biogas in Chinese rural areas
Industrial and commercial feedlots
Feasibility estimate for a turn-key community plant
Economic evaluation study for a full-scale village-community plantThe products of the plant
Feasibility estimate for a turn-key farm waste utilization systemSummary and conclusions of a full-scale village-community plant
Conclusion from the chinese experience
Problems in evaluating the community indian plants
Organic feedstocks
Labour time involved in collection of organic materials and water, digester operation and maintenance
Maintenance
Economic evaluations
Chapter twelve: Technical and social constraints in integrating biogas plants into farms
Constraints delaying the diffusion of installations
Requirements for an optimally integrated biogas installation
New incentives to build biogas plants
Chapter thirteen: Biogas programs in developing countries
Experience with biogas in China
Potential of biogas generation and biogas digester construction
Biogas utilization
Effluent utilization
Economic aspects
Financial support
Training in biogas technology
Organization of the biogas sector
Potential for biogas generation and digester construction
Experience with biogas in India
Biogas plants
Biogas production
Use of biogas
Utilization of effluent
Cost of installation
Annual costs and savings
Financial assistance from government
Organization of the biogas sector
Organization of energy sector
Utilization of effluent
Costs and benefits
Research and development
Experiences with biogas
Installations
Effluent utilization
Costs and benefits
Experiences with biogas
Organization of the biogas sector
Africa