SOFTWARE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION (SPD)
This on-line copy of the UWS V4.2 Software Product Description
is provided as a reference to the software and hardware
configurations that ULTRIX Worksystem Software (UWS) V4.2 supports.
However this electronic copy of the SPD is only to be used as a guide,
and is not warranted to be accurate or complete, nor is it to be used
as a substitute for the printed SPD that comes with your software.
The printed SPD is the legal document listing supported software components
and supported hardware configurations, for your distribution.
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ULTRIX Worksystem Software, Version 4.2 SPD 28.22.14
CONTENTS
UWS PRODUCT OVERVIEW
1.0 DECwindows ON ULTRIX
1.1 Servers
1.1.1 Server Extensions
1.2 Libraries and Toolkits
1.2.1 X Library (Xlib)
1.2.2 Display PostScript Client Library
1.2.3 UWS client Extension Library (Xext)
1.2.4 X Toolkit Intrinsics Library (Xt)
1.2.5 X User Interface (XUI)
1.2.6 OSF/Motif[TM]
1.2.7 Compound Document Architecture (CDA)
1.2.8 Digital Document Interface Format (DDIF)
1.3 Development Tools
1.3.1 User Interface Language Compiler
1.3.2 PostScript Wrapper Translator
1.3.3 XUI to Motif Porting Tools
1.3.4 Graphical Debugger Based on dbx
1.3.5 Visual File Comparator
1.4 Applications
1.4.1 Window Managers
1.4.1.1 The Digital Window Manager
1.4.1.2 The Motif Window Manager
1.4.2 User Environment Applications
1.4.2.1 Session Manager and Xprompter
1.4.2.2 ULTRIX User Executive
1.4.2.3 Terminal Emulator
1.4.2.4 User Account Manager
1.4.2.5 Presto
1.4.3 Desktop Applications
1.4.3.1 Bookreader
1.4.3.2 Calendar
1.4.3.3 Clock
1.4.3.4 Calculator
1.4.3.5 Cardfiler
1.4.3.6 DECpaint Graphics Editor
1.4.3.7 PostScript Previewer
1.4.3.8 DECnotepad Text Editor
1.4.3.9 Mail
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1.5 Fonts
1.6 UWS Subset Support
1.6.1 UWS Supported Subsets
1.6.2 UWS Unsupported Subsets
2.0 ULTRIX OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
2.1 System Administration Enhancements
2.2 Data Management Enhancements
2.3 Communications Enhancements
2.3.1 Asynchronous Lines
2.3.2 Local Area Transport
2.3.3 Name Services
2.4 Security Enhancements
2.5 File Systems
2.6 Remote Procedure Call
2.7 Program Development Enhancements
2.8 CDA Toolkit
2.9 Virtual Memory
2.10 User Interfaces
2.11 Data Encryption/Decryption Facility
2.12 License Management Facility
2.13 Compatibility with Other UNIX Offerings
2.13.1 SVID
2.13.2 Sun Network File System
2.14 Industry Standards
2.14.1 POSIX
2.14.2 X/OPEN
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2.15 Internationalization
2.15.1 Native Language System (NLS)
2.15.2 I18N Tools
2.15.3 Commands and Utilities
2.15.4 Libraries
2.15.5 Kernel
2.15.6 Networking
2.15.7 File System
2.15.8 System Administration
2.16 ULTRIX Subset Support
2.16.1 ULTRIX Supported Subsets
2.16.2 ULTRIX Unsupported Subsets
3.0 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ULTRIX (RISC) AND ULTRIX (VAX)
3.1 Compiler Differences
3.1.1 DEC C for ULTRIX
3.1.2 Profiling Differences
3.1.3 Optimization Differences
3.1.4 Selecting Alternate Compilers
3.2 Debugger Differences
3.3 PrintServer Software Differences
4.0 UWS HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Network Remote Installation
4.2 Diskless Workstations
4.3 Growth Considerations
4.4 Optional Hardware
5.0 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Optional Software
5.1.1 Interoperability with Other Digital Software
6.0 SOFTWARE WARRANTY
7.0 INSTALLATION
8.0 LICENSE INFORMATION
9.0 LICENSE OPTIONS
9.1 Single-use License Option
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9.2 Distribution and Documentation Options
9.3 Software Revision Right-to-Copy Option
9.4 Documentation-Only Option
10.0 SOURCE MATERIALS OPTIONS
10.1 Source License and Sources Distribution
11.0 SOFTWARE OPTIONS
12.0 THIRD PARTY LICENSE
13.0 TRADEMARKS
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UWS PRODUCT OVERVIEW
ULTRIX Worksystem Software (UWS), Version 4.2, is an integrated
system based upon two major components:
o The ULTRIX Operating System, Version 4.2 is Digital Equipment
Corporation's native implementation of the UNIX[R] operating
system for all currently supported VAX and Digital RISC
systems.
o DECwindows, an extensive windowing environment based
on the X Window System [TM] Version 11 standard, supports
general users and graphics applications developers while taking
full advantage of the specialized graphics hardware of the
workstation and of the ULTRIX operating system. This provides
users of ULTRIX workstations with:
- A common user interface
- A base set of bundled applications
- A style guide and the tools which help to implement that style.
UWS also contains Display PostScript[R], from Adobe Systems
Incorporated. The Licensee agrees to only execute Display
PostScript on those Digital computer systems identified as li-
censed systems in this Software Product Description, and that
in any event licensee agrees not to make use of the software,
directly or indirectly, to print bitmap images with print reso-
lutions greater than 150 DPI, or to generate fonts or typefaces
for use other than with the Digital licensed system. (Terms
and Conditions for Display PostScript can be found in the Third
Party Licensing section of this SPD.)
1.0 DECwindows on ULTRIX
1.1 Servers
The X Window System is a network based window system. The MIT X
Version 11 protocol is implemented in the servers on the display
end and libraries on the client end. Digital fully supports the
MIT X Version 11 protocol in the UWS clients, libraries and server
with DECnet, TCP/IP, UNIX-domain sockets as the underlying
communications mechanism.
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The X11 server provides capabilities to manipulate windows
and display graphical and textual output through a window. The
capabilities provided by the X server include:
o Opening and closing connections to the window server
o Creating and destroying windows
o Graphics output such as lines, polygons, and filled polygons
o Text output to a window
o Window manipulation functions such as map, unmap, resize,
restack, iconify, and de-iconify
o Cursor manipulation functions
o Font management routines
o Selection and control of input events
o Error handling control
o Color management routines
o Display PostScript extensions
Support for the CX and MX graphics options for the DECstation 5000
series is based on the MIT X Version 11 R4 implementation and supports
homogenous multiscreen. Heterogenous multiscreen capabilities
are not supported.
Support for the PX, PXG, and PXG Turbo graphics options for the
DECstation 5000 series is based on the MIT X Version 11 R3 implementation.
Neither homogenous nor heterogenous multiscreen capabilities
are supported.
Support for the single plane mono and 8 plane color graphics options
for the DECstation 2100 and DECstation 3100 is based on the
MIT X Version 11 R4 implementation. Neither homogenous nor heterogenous
multiscreen capabilities are supported.
Support for the QDSG GPX color server that runs on the
VAXstation 2000/GPX and VAXstation II/GPX is based on the MIT X
Version 11 R4 implementation.
Support for the QVSM monochrome server that runs on a monochrome
VAXstation 2000 and VAXstation II is based on the MIT X Version 11
R4 implementation.
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1.1.1 Server Extensions
UWS servers support the following extensions:
o Shape extension DECstation 5000 series with CX and MX
DECstation 3100 with single plane mono or 8 plane
color graphics
DECstation 2100 with with single plane mono or 8 plane
color graphics
o The Display Postscript extension is supported on all but
VAXstation 3520 and VAXstation 3540.
o The PEX extension is supported on the DECstation 5000 series with PXG
and PXG Turbo. PEX is an extension designed to provide
support for PHIGS. No Application Programming Interface (API) to
PEX is provided.
o The Input extension is supported on all but PX, PXG, and PXG Turbo.
A UWS server license and server kit will be required to run
an X application from a host system such as a timesharing VAX,
VAXserver or DECsystem.
The Display PostScript extension to the X11 servers provides a
Level 1 display functionality that is fully compatible
with PostScript[R] language printers, and provides a device-
independent imaging model that frees an application programmer
from concern about the details of displaying information (text
and graphics) on a screen.
Imaging functionality may be freely intermixed with stan-
dard X imaging calls; the application programmer is free to use
whichever imaging model or combination of the two imaging models
is deemed appropriate for the application.
1.2 Libraries and Toolkits
1.2.1 X library (Xlib)
The Xlib programming library contains routines that handle
window management, perform graphics output, and manage input
from devices for client side applications. Xlib provides
routines based on the X Version 11, Release 4 specification.
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1.2.2 Display PostScript Client Library
The Display PostScript Client Library, from Adobe Systems,
"...is a collection of procedures that provide an
application program with access to the PostScript
interpreter [resident in the X server Display PostScript
extension]. The Client Library includes procedures for
creating, communicating with, and destroying PostScript
execution contexts." [1]
A license for the Adobe Display PostScript extension and
libraries is included with UWS and the UWS server licenses.
1.2.3 UWS Client Extension Library (Xext)
The UWS extension library provides companion functionality to
the Adobe Display PostScript Client Library. This library is
required whenever the Adobe Display PostScript Client Library
is used by an application to provide DEC specific
functionality and enhancements. This library also provides
certain UWS specific PostScript single operator functions.
1.2.4 X Toolkit Intrinsics Library (Xt)
The MIT X Version 11 X toolkit intrinsics library is a set
"of C language routines designed to facilitate the design of
user interfaces, with reuseable components called widgets." [2]
The X11 Intrinsics perform operations such as:
- Creating and realizing widgets
- Querying and setting widget configuration and state
- Managing input from the user of the application
The X11 Intrinsics were voted as a non-exclusive standard by
the X Consortium in June, 1988. The intrinsics library may
change in future versions to remain compatible with X
Consortium standards.
[1] "Adobe Display PostScript System manual".
[2] "X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual for X Version
11," O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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1.2.5 X User Interface (XUI)
The XUI widget set, developed by Digital, is based on the X
Toolkit (Xt) intrinsics library. It provides the base
functionality necessary to build a wide variety of
applications.
The XUI Application Programming Interface, accepted by the
Open Software Foundation, includes:
o An XUI Style Guide which enforces a coherent user interface.
o MIT X Version 11 Intrinsics.
o A set of widgets.
o A functionally enhanced resource manager (DRM).
o A UIL (User Interface Language) compiler.
o Aids for internationalization.
o Mechanisms for interactions between and within components.
o Support for pcc
XUI supports the following widgets:
Attached Dialog Box, Caution Box, Command Window, Dialog Box,
File Selection, Help, Label, List Box, Main Window, Menu, Menu Bar,
Message Box, Option Menu, Pop-up Attached Dialog Box, Pop-up Dialog
Box, Pop-up Menu, Pulldown Menu Entry, Push Button, Radio Box, Scale,
Scroll Bar, Scroll Window, Selection Box, Separator, Text Edit,
Toggle Button, Window, and Work In Progress Box.
XUI also supports "gadgets", which are more functionally
limited than widgets, but give applications better performance
by using less memory. Gadgets are included for creating labels,
push buttons, toggle buttons, and separators.
1.2.6 OSF/Motif[TM]
The OSF/Motif[TM] widget set developed by the Open
Software Foundation is based on the X Toolkit (Xt) intrinsics
library. This provides rich functionality for building a wide
variety of applications.
OSF/Motif[TM] version 1.1 supports program development in the
C language only. The development environment is comprised of
components from OSF with some additions from Digital.
The Motif Application Programming Interface includes the
Motif User Interface Toolkit and the Presentation Description
Language. The Motif Toolkit is a superset of the X Window
System toolkit and contains four components:
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o X Toolkit components (known as intrinsics) for managing,
modifying, and creating user interface objects (known
as widgets and gadgets). The intrinsics may change in
future versions of Motif.
o Motif widgets and gadgets for implementing objects such
as scroll bars, menus, and push buttons.
o Utility routines that provide functions for common
tasks such as cut and paste.
o Resource manager routines for loading user interface
definition files and creating widgets and gadgets based
on their contents.
The Motif Style Guide describes how to build consistent,
well-integrated Motif applications.
A license for the DECwindows Developer Kit for OSF/Motif is
included with the UWS and the UWS server licenses.
Documentation and distribution media must be purchased
separately.
1.2.7 Compound Document Architecture (CDA)
The CDA Converter Architecture provides the advantage of
a standard hub of interchange so that all CDA compliant
converters, whether developed by Digital or independent
software vendors, can participate in data exchange.
The CDA Toolkit is an object library that provides the data
structures and routines used to create, store, and
interchange the revisable file formats supported by
CDA (Compound Document Architecture). The CDA Toolkit is used
to create CDA compliant applications or to write converters that
will interchange existing file formats using CDA data structures
as the intermediate format.
Migration to and from the CDA environment includes portability
across the RISC/ULTRIX, VAX/ULTRIX, and VMS operating systems.
Electronic mailing and copying of revisable CDA documents provides
support for hardware, and system, independent display and printing.
Converters bundled with the CDA Toolkit are the DDIF (Digital
Data Interchange Format), DTIF (Digital Table Interchange Format)
and Text input and output converters; a PostScript output
converter; and an Analysis output converter, which is a
debugging tool.
The CDA Viewer, also bundled with the CDA Toolkit, displays
the contents of all CDA supported documents on a UWS
workstation or character cell terminal.
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1.2.8 Digital Document Interface Format (DDIF)
The Digital Document Interchange Format (DDIF) is one of the
central data formats of the Compound Document
Architecture (CDA). The DDIF format supports highly
integrated text, graphics, images, and application data.
DDIF is the CDA interchange format for revisable compound
documents. It is supported by the CDA Toolkit, read and
created by multiple products, and edited by the DECwrite
editor.
The DDIF format is highly compatible with the ISO Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML), ISO 8879, and the ISO
Office Document Architecture and Interchange Format (ODA/ODIF)
standard, ISO 8613.
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1.3 DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
1.3.1 User Interface Language Compiler
The User Interface Language (UIL) compiler provides user
interface compilation independent from application compilation.
UIL must be used in combination with a resource manager
linked into the application, normally either the DEC Resource
Manager (DRM) or the Motif Resource Manager (MRM). UIL allows
o the application interface description to be developed,
modified, and updated without affecting the executable
application image.
o an application to have multiple user interface
descriptions, any one of which can be activated at run
time.
o flexibility in providing appropriate user interfaces,
including a mechanism to support different languages.
1.3.2 PostScript Wrapper Translator
The Post Script Wrapper (pswrap) translator provides a
mechanism for developers to compose C-callable procedures that
send PostScript code to the Display PostScript extension resident
in the X server. The procedures produced are to be compiled
and linked with the application program.
1.3.3 XUI to Motif Porting Tools.
These tools convert XUI UIL sources to Motif Presentation
Description Language.
These tools are not part of the UWS distribution, they are part
of the Motif distribution. A license for the DECwindows Developer
Kit for OSF/Motif is included with the UWS and the UWS server licenses.
Documentation and distribution media must be purchased
separately.
1.3.4 Graphical Debugger Based on dbx
The dxdb debugger provides developers with a versatile environment
in which to debug programs. The windows and menus of dxdb
contain all the commands that developers need during a typical
debugging session.
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1.3.5 Visual File Comparator
The dxdiff application is a visual differences program that
provides a graphical display of the differences between two
ASCII text files. dxdiff compares two files line by line,
displays the differences between them as highlighted text, and
allows users to scroll through the compared files or move from
one difference to another.
1.4 Applications
1.4.1 Window Managers
1.4.1.1 The Digital Window Manager
The Digital Window Manager (dxwm) manages the location and size
of application windows on the screen. The user can move
windows on the screen, resize windows, change the order of
windows in the window stack (for example, bring a window
which had been partially obscured by another window to the
top, so that it is now completely visible), shrink windows to
icons, expand windows from icons, and assign input focus to
windows.
For Motif V1.1, Digital does not guarantee interoperability
between the Motif Window Manager and XUI based applications
or between the DEC Window Manager and Motif based applications.
1.4.1.2 The Motif Window Manager
"The OSF/Motif [tm] Window Manager (mwm) provides window
management facilities within the framework of the OSF/Motif
environment. MWM provides you with an industry standard
user interface, a high degree of flexibility, and a pleasing
visual interface.
MWM facilitates user-computer communication in the following
areas:
o MWM provides for direct manipulation of graphic objects
using an object-action model. A user controls the
operation of an application program by selecting a
window, menu, icon, or other graphic object and then
indicating an action to be done to that object.
o MWM uses two ASCII configuration files, '.Xdefaults' and
'.mwmrc'. By editing thes files, users can choose the size,
location, and color of the graphic elements of their
environments.
o MWM allows keyboard only access to window management
functionality in cases where mouse access is not available
or keyboard access is preferred.
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o MWM provides consistent appearance and behavior using the
OSF/Motif X Widgets visual style as specified in the
'OSF/Motif Style Guide.'" [5]
For Motif V1.1, Digital does not guarantee interoperability
between the Motif Window Manager and XUI based applications
or between the DEC Window Manager and Motif based
applications.
A license for the DECwindows Developer Kit for OSF/Motif is
included with the UWS and the UWS server licenses.
Documentation and distribution media must be purchased
separately.
1.4.2 User Environment Applications
1.4.2.1 Session Manager and Xprompter
These two programs provide the front line mechanism for user
- workstation interaction. The Xprompter provides a dialog-
oriented login window for controlled access to the
workstation. The Session Manager provides a window oriented
interface to the casual user for controlling day to day
activity. From the Session Manager the user can:
o Create, pause, or quit a session.
o Start applications.
o Customize many facets of workstation or session
operation. For example the user can specify:
- which applications may be started,
- the parameters to be used when starting those applications,
- what applications should be started when the user begins
a session,
- how the keyboard and mouse should behave,
- what other systems are allowed access to this workstation's
X server,
- and which window manager to use.
1.4.2.2 ULTRIX User Executive
The ULTRIX User Executive provides functionality for
application invocation, directory navigation, file
manipulation and simple file view.
[5] "OSF/Motif [tm] Programmer's Guide", Open Software Foundation.
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1.4.2.3 Terminal Emulator
The terminal emulator emulates VT300, VT220, VT100, VT52, and
ReGIS type terminals.
1.4.2.4 User Account Manager
The User Account Manager (UAM) utility allows the local or remote
management of user accounts via a graphical interface. UAM allows
system managers to define templates for user accounts. Those
templates can then be used for adding new accounts. In this way,
experienced system administrators can set up an environment
so that novice administrators can deal with the majority of
the day-to-day user account tasks.
1.4.2.5 Presto
The presto application graphically displays a machine's
Prestoserve state and statistics. It allows system managers
to remotely control, monitor and display Prestoserver information.
1.4.3 Desktop Applications
1.4.3.1 Bookreader
Bookreader ia an online information access tool that allows
users to find and read a wide range of information. It provides
clear and readable text, incorporates complex graphics, and
provides random-access to topics using in-text cross-references,
table of contents, and index. Large graphics or tables may
be displayed in their own popup windows.
Digital offers ULTRIX, UWS, and ULTRIX layered product
documentation in online form, packaged on CDROM disc and
accessible using Bookreader. DECwrite Version 1.1 can can be
used to create online documentation readable by Bookreader.
1.4.3.1 Calendar
The Calendar combines the functions of a desktop calendar and an
appointment book. It allows users to look at a year or month
display, review scheduled appointments a day at a time, or
create several different calendars to use for specific purposes.
1.4.3.2 Clock
The Clock displays the time (in analog or in 12- or 24-hour
digital formats) and the date. Users can change the display
and set the Clock's alarm as an appointment reminder.
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1.4.3.3 Calculator
The Calculator performs simple arithmetic functions -
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division - and
computes percentages and square roots. In addition, the
Calculator performs trigonometric and inverse trigonometic
functions, generates random numbers, and performs other
more advanced operations.
Unlike a handheld calculator, it has two displays, the
top display is the accumulator which shows the number
being entered or the current result, and the bottom
display is the memory.
1.4.3.4 Cardfiler
The Cardfiler allows users to create an electronic box of
index cards. Each "card file" is an electronic filebox
containing "cards" of textual information. This allows users
to organize information into card files for any subject or
group of subjects.
1.4.3.5 DECpaint Graphics Editor
Paint is a graphics program that lets users create any kind
of simple picture, such as a sketch, an illustration, or a map.
Paint can save pictures for later use, print them on different
kinds of printers, or copy them to other applications. These
pictures can also be viewed on a terminal screen using CDA Viewer.
1.4.3.6 PostScript Previewer
The PostScript Previewer displays PostScript documents and
files, allowing the user to page through the document, and to
scale or rotate the information.
1.4.3.7 DECnotepad Text Editor
The Notepad editor allows the user to perform simple editing
operations on text, and to save or retrieve text from files.
1.4.3.8 Mail
Mail is a window based interface to the MH mail handler.
It allows a user to exchange messages with other computer
users. A user can send messages, read messages sent to
the user, and print, file, delete, reply to, and forward
messages.
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1.5 Fonts
Fonts are provided by UWS and are read by the X servers on
behalf of the applications. While an X Consortium standard defines
the bitmap distribution format (BDF) in which font sources are
distributed, X servers and applications actually use fonts in
a compiled format.
Fonts are generally compiled from Adobe BDF 2.2 format
to a format that is faster for the window system servers to parse.
Most of the ULTRIX/UWS Version 4.2 servers use fonts in the
X11 portable compiled font (PCF) format. The same compiled font
format is used on both RISC and VAX workstations.
The server for the VAXstation 3520and 3540 systems uses the
compiled DECwindows (DWF format).
Ultrix/UWS also supplies fonts for use with the X implementation
of Display PostScript[TM?]. These fonts are suppied in Adobe Type I
format. If a user has additional Adobe Type I fonts, they can
be installed for use with Display PostScript.
Digital reserves the right to change the format of the compiled
font for any release. For this reason, it is recommended that
fonts acquired from other vendors be procured in the BDF format.
Dxfc is a font compiler provided for creating the expected font
format fonts applications might use.
1.6 UWS Subset Support
1.6.1 UWS Supported Subsets
The definition of mandatory and optional subsets can be found
in the Advanced Installation Guide. The files and commands
contained in subsets with names that begin with UWS for VAX
and UDW for RISC are supported components of UWS Version 4.2.
1.6.2 UWS Unsupported Subsets
In addition to the supported components of UWS Version 4.2,
Digital provides other software components on an "AS IS" basis.
This software is not warranted by Digital and no software
performance reports will be acknowledged or answered on any
of these components. Support service cannot be purchased for
this software.
The files and commands contained in subsets with names that begin
with ULX for VAX and UDX for RISC comprise these unsupported
components of UWS Version 4.2. Unsupported software components
provided as part of UWS are delivered on a separate distribution
media, with the exception of the RA60 distribution and CDROM,
in which case the unsupported subset is contained in a separate
partition on the disk.
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2.0 ULTRIX OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
For complete information, refer to SPD 26.40.22.
The ULTRIX Operating System is Digital Equipment Corporation's
native implementation of the UNIX[R] Operating System. It is an
interactive, demand-paged, virtual memory, multiple processor,
time-sharing operating system that has a hierarchical file system
with dismountable volumes, compatible device and interprocess I/O,
asynchronous processes, system command language selectable on a
per-user basis, disk quotas, job quotas, over 200 subsystems, and
a high degree of portability among processors running ULTRIX applica-
tion programs.
In addition to the Berkeley 4BSD functionality, Digital has
added the enhancements described in the following sections to ULTRIX.
2.1 System Administration Enhancements
o Graphical User Account Manager
o Gateway Screen Facility
o Integral bad block replacement for DSA/MSCP and SCSI disks
o System diagnostics
o Error logging
o Streaming tape
o Remote backup
o Network installation for MicroVAX, VAXstation and RISC-based
systems
o Magnetic tape facilities including labeled tape facility
for single-volume ANSI tape interchange with ULTRIX and
non-ULTRIX systems
o Line printer setup automation
o Documented error messages
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2.2 Data Management Enhancements
ULTRIX/SQL is an implementation of an industry standard SQL
relational database management system. ULTRIX/SQL is highly
compliant with ANSI/ISO 9075:1989 SQL standard. ULTRIX/SQL
V1.0 is highly compliant with the ANSI level II SQL standard,
Rdb/VMS VAX SQL and IBM[R]'s DB2 for maximum portability. SQL
also provides the key to distributed databases and gateways to
other database systems. ULTRIX/SQL includes the runtime SQL
RDBMS engine with multi-server architecture and an intelligent
query optimizer to enhance performance.
To install ULTRIX/SQL, the default shared memory values must
be raised in the kernel config file and a special user must
be added to the kmem group (can be removed once ULTRIX/SQL is
installed). A minimum configuration of 16 megabytes swap space
is needed and the disk space requirements are: 20 megabytes for
VAX and 34 megabytes for RISC, with an optional embedded SQL
development library requiring an additional 2 megabytes for VAX
and 6 megabytes for RISC.
Optional products for SQL preprocessing and Rdb/VMS remote
access are detailed in their own Software Product Descriptions
(SPDs).
2.3 Communication Enhancements
2.3.1 Asynchronous Lines
Dynamic reassignment of asynchronous lines allows use of the
same modems for dialing in and out of a system without user in-
tervention. Terminal drivers support 7-bit and 8-bit characters.
ULTRIX includes a set of intersystem facilities for communica-
tion and networking of multiple systems:
2.3.2 Local Area Transport Support
The Local Area Transport (LAT) supports communication with
service nodes on the same Ethernet. Software that runs on local
area terminal servers is downloaded over the Ethernet network
from either a Phase IV or Phase V load host or any valid ULTRIX
load host. A single ULTRIX host may support up to 256 simultaneous
LAT sessions.
The host-initiated connection feature of LAT allows the manager
of an ULTRIX system to associate a named port on a named termi-
nal server with a specific tty device special file. As a result,
users can code applications that connect to the port through
LAT.
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The LAT/TELNET Gateway feature allows an ULTRIX system to be
configured so users on a LAT terminal can connect to remote
hosts via Telnet without first having to log in to the local
ULTRIX system.
2.3.3 Name Services
ULTRIX supports the BIND V4.8 and HESIOD name services. The BIND
service provides a host name and address lookup service for the
Internet network. HESIOD is layered on top of BIND and provides
a more generic name service. The user can use HESIOD/BIND to
replace or supplement the hosts, aliases, auth, group, networks,
passwd, protocols, rpc, and services databases.
2.3.4 Ethernet Support
Allows for Ethernet communication using the TCP/IP network
protocols, ThinWire, baseband, and, optionally, the Digital
DNA network protocol if DECnet-ULTRIX is present
(refer to DECnet-ULTRIX SPD 26.83.xx). All protocols can operate
concurrently on a single physical Ethernet link.
2.3.5 CI Network Support
Allows for Computer Interconnect (CI) host to host communication
using the network support TCP/IP network protocols. The CI network
is well suited for NFS traffic and can be used to offload the Ethernet
of NFS traffic.
2.3.6 X.25 Driver Support
Allows for X.25 wide area network device support.
2.3.7 FDDI
Provides fiber optic support for the DECsystem 5000 Model 200.
2.4 Security Enhancements
The ULTRIX Operating System offers security features which have
been designed to be compliant with the C2 security level as
specified by the Trusted Computing Security Evaluation Criteria
(Orange Book) and the Password Management Guidelines (Green
Book).
o Protection of the memory interface and terminals via pre-
assigned group identifiers.
o New Trusted Path facility which allows users logging into
a system via either LAT or a terminal multiplexor to ensure
that no other process is running on that line.
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o Administrator option to configure enhanced login and pass-
word functionality which includes a shadow authentication
database, configurable minimum password length (up to 16
characters), password aging and expiration.
o Security auditing subsystem and audit trail reduction fa-
cility which tracks and records all the security relevant
actions occurring on the system along with who performed the
action. Includes audstyle (audit) option to control how much
information is included in audit records for execv(2) and
execve(2) events.
2.5 File System Support
The ULTRIX Operating System provides a file system hierarchy
of named directories and sub-directories. With the ULTRIX Oper-
ating System, the Digital Generic File System Interface (GFSI)
provides the ability to mount multiple local and remote file
systems. The currently supported file system types include the
local ULTRIX File System (UFS) and Sun MicroSystems, Inc. Net-
work File System (NFS[TM]). NFS allows transparent file access
over an Ethernet or CI network. POSIX-compatible file and record
locking is supported by the NFS lock manager over an Ethernet
or CI network. In addition, Sun MicroSystems, Inc. Yellow Pages
service (YP) provides support for centralized system management
of files over an Ethernet or CI network. The automounter service
automatically mounts and unmounts NFS file system.
ULTRIX supports synchronous file system writes on a per-file
basis. In addition, an option to the ``mount'' command per-
mits an entire file system to be designated as synchronous, in
which case, all writes issued to files in that file system are
performed synchronously. These synchronous options provide de-
terministic file system operations and are useful in database
applications. The file system buffer cache size is configurable.
2.6 Remote Procedure Call
The Digital Remote Procedure Call (DECrpc) facility is based on
Apollo[R]'s Network Computing System[TM] (NCS) Remote Procedure
Call (RPC) facility. DECrpc allows application developers to
partition their applications along subroutine interfaces and
to have those subroutines execute on remote hosts. It provides
a transport independent interface to applications using the
Internet UDP/IP protocols. DECrpc includes the following set of
components:
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o Remote Procedure Call (RPC) runtime library
o Network Interface Definition Language (NIDL) compiler
o Local and Global Location Brokers
DECrpc does not include other components of Apollo's Network
Computing Architecture such as the Concurrent Programming Sup-
port or the replicated Global Location Broker.
RPC Applications are written in a high-level language, NIDL,
which in turn generates calls to the RPC runtime procedures. The
stub files generated by the NIDL compiler are C source files.
DECrpc has been tested and found compatible with the NCS V1.5
product from Apollo.
Kerberos is a third-party authentication service. The authenti-
cation of an application X to another application Y depends upon
the trust both X and Y have in Kerberos. The BIND/HESIOD daemon
named has been enhanced to optionally use Kerberos. ULTRIX also
provides the Kerberos V4 programming interface so that applica-
tion developers can use this service. ULTRIX does not provide
the routines to send encrypted (safe) messages.
ULTRIX provides the ability to synchronize and distribute time
for all machines in a network environment. The Network Time
Protocol (NTP) is used to synchronize time. The University of
Maryland developed the NTP daemon. The University of California
at Berkeley time synchronization daemon, timed, is used to
distribute time to all machines in a network.
2.7 Program Development Enhancements
A variety of tools for program development are provided with
ULTRIX. These tools include VAX C/ULTRIX, portable C compiler,
Pascal compilers and Source Code Control System. VAX C is only
available on the VAX platforms. Pascal for RISC and FORTRAN for
RISC are available as a layered product.
VAX C/ULTRIX is an implementation of the C programming language
as described by Kernighan and Ritchie in The C Programming Lan-
guage. Included are extensions as defined by the proposed ANSI
Standard for C. Many compute-bound C applications compiled with
VAX C/ULTRIX will run significantly faster than when compiled
with the Portable C Compiler (pcc) on ULTRIX. VAX C/ULTRIX can-
not be used for system level programs requiring the ASM pseudo
function or where undocumented or nonstandard C features of
pcc are used. If necessary, an application can be linked using
some object modules compiled with both VAX C/ULTRIX and pcc.
VAX C/ULTRIX uses the native run-time and system libraries on
ULTRIX. It also uses the native header files. It supports the
pcc command line with the exception of the following options:
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ULTRIX Worksystem Software, Version 4.2 SPD 28.22.14
-go,-p,-t,-R,-S,-B. VAX C/ULTRIX is compatible with VAX C, Ver-
sion 2.3 for VMS systems, except for VMS specific options. VAX C
is not supported or shipped on RISC platforms.
2.8 CDA Toolkit
The CDA Toolkit is an object library that provides the data
structures and routines used to create, store, and interchange
the revisable file formats supported by CDA (Compound Document
Architecture). The CDA Toolkit is used to create CDA-compliant
applications or to write converters that will interchange exist-
ing file formats using CDA data structures as the intermediate
format.
Migration to and from the CDA environment includes portability
across the RISC/ULTRIX, VAX/ULTRIX, and VMS Operating Systems.
Electronic mailing and copying of revisable CDA documents pro-
vides support for hardware- and system-independent display and
printing.
CDA data structures are predefined aggregate types that store in
memory all the items needed to encode DDIF and DTIF documents.
DDIF (Digital Data Interchange Format) aggregates are used to
create CDA-compliant compound documents, graphics and image doc-
uments, or converters. DTIF (Digital Table Interchange Format)
aggregates are used to create CDA-compliant table data documents
or converters for use by spreadsheet and database applications.
CDA data structures are used by supplying the appropriate in-
formation for all the items stored in each aggregate. The way
in which the data structures are linked using the CDA routines
determines the structure of the documents created by supporting
applications.
CDA routines perform multiple operations including file, stream,
and aggregate management; item storage and access; and reading,
writing, and conversion of CDA data structures. Calls to the CDA
routines are encoded within an application source file.
Converters bundled with the CDA Toolkit are: the DDIF, DTIF,
and Text input and output converters; a PostScript[R] output
converter; and an Analysis output converter which is a debugging
tool that produces text output of CDA in-memory data structures.
Digital encourages independent software vendors to use the CDA
Toolkit and its converter architecture to write new converters.
The CDA Converter Architecture provides the advantage of a stan-
dard hub of interchange so that all CDA-compliant converters,
whether developed by Digital or independent software vendors,
can participate in data exchange.
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The CDA Viewer, also bundled with the CDA Toolkit, displays the
contents of all CDA-supported documents on a UWS workstation or
character-cell terminal.
Callable DECwindows and character-cell viewer routines are used
to write portable viewer widgets.
2.9 Virtual Memory
The virtual memory subsystem is derived from 4.2BSD and has
been enhanced with 4.3BSD performance enhancements and System V
memory extensions. It provides full demand paging for both files
resident on a local file system and files remotely resident and
accessible via NFS. The backing store for paging/swapping can
reside on a local disk partition or, in the case of diskless
support, in an NFS remote system file. System V features include
demand paged shared memory support and page locking.
The ULTRIX virtual memory programmer's interface provides full
source level compliance to existing standards. New interfaces of
SVID issue 3 are not currently supported.
2.10 User Interfaces
Digital provides the following shells with ULTRIX:
- C Shell
- BSD Bourne Shell
- System V Bourne Shell
- Korn Shell
All shells are programmable and allow for a tailorable user
environment.
2.11 Data Encryption/Decryption Facilities
The object code distribution for The ULTRIX Operating System
includes no forms of encryption or decryption other than one-
way password encryption and Kerberos encryption algorithm. The
encryption software is available as an option under a separate
order number. (Refer to the SOFTWARE OPTIONS section.)
2.12 License Management Facility Support
ULTRIX supports Digital's License Management Facility (LMF),
which is a component of the overall Digital Distributed Software
Licensing Architecture (DDSLA). The LMF provides on-line check-
ing of software licenses and enables easier software management.
The facility incorporates support for two types of licenses,
availability and activity.
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2.13 Compatibility with Other UNIX Offerings
The ULTRIX Operating System is compatible with other software
system implementations which include 4th Berkeley Software
Distribution (4BSD), Version 4.2 and Version 4.3:
- File system formats are interchangeable provided disk parti-
tions are compatible.
- The Bourne Version 7 and C Shell script syntaxes are highly
compatible.
- Source code programs written for the Portable C Compiler
(pcc) and object file formats are highly compatible.
- 4.2 BSD C Run-time and Math libraries are compatible.
2.13.1 SVID
SVID support is based on SVID Issue 2, Volume 1.
- Bourne System V Shell (Issue 1) script syntax is highly
compatible.
- Source programs written for the Portable C Compiler (pcc)
language that follow programming guidelines contained in
Issue 2, Volume 1, Parts II and III of System V Interface
Definition are highly compatible.
- System V Interprocess Communication (IPC)-Shared Memory,
Semaphores, Message Queues, and Named Pipes.
- System V C Run-time and Math libraries are compatible.
Note: Under ULTRIX, source programs which conform to the SVID,
Issue 1, may require recompilation.
2.13.2 Sun Network File System
Sun Network File System (NFS) support is based on NFS, Version 2.0.
- ULTRIX supports the Sun network services NFS, Mount, Yellow
Pages, Automount and Lock manager/Status monitor. These
services have been tested and found compatible with the
corresponding SunOS services of the following Sun Operating
Releases: V3.0, V3.2, V3.4, V3.5 and V4.0. The Automounter
has been tested and found compatible with the automount
service provided in SunOS Release V4.0.
Named pipes accessed using NFS are not compatible between
ULTRIX-32 V3.2 and ULTRIX V4.0 systems. A patch is available
for ULTRIX-32 V3.1 systems.
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2.14 Industry Standards
2.14.1 POSIX
ULTRIX 4.2 provides all the interfaces required by the IEEE
1003.1-1988 standards. Source programs written in the C lan-
guage that follow the programming guidelines contained in this
standard are highly compatible. This product also meets the NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology) FIPS (Federal
Information Processing Standards) 151-1, which references draft
12 of the IEEE Std. 100-1988.
ULTRIX uses the Berkeley operating environment as the default
operating environment. Future releases will use POSIX as the
default operating environment.
The following commands meet specifications for POSIX 1003.2,
Draft 8:
diff id ln
tr env find
getopts date mkdir
mkfifo mktemp bc
chgrp chmod chown
tee cp join
ar awk cmp
make basename dirname
fold sort uniq
2.14.2 X/OPEN
ULTRIX, Version 4.2 is XPG3 branded at the BASE level. The BASE
level brand includes support areas of the X/OPEN Portability
Guide 3: System call interfaces, Header Files, C libraries,
commands, and C compiler.
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2.15 Internationalization
ULTRIX system includes a comprehensive set of library routines,
commands and utilities to support the development of interna-
tionalized application software.
2.15.1 Native Language System (NLS)
The internationalized environment is based on the definition
of the NLS interface in XPG3. This includes language support
databases, an announcement mechanism (setlocale), and a
message catalog system.
The base system includes language support databases for
French, English, and German for each of three codesets:
Digital's MCS, ISO 8859/1, and ISO 646. A compiler, ic, is
provided for users to define new language support databases.
The default locale is called the C locale and is American
English/ASCII.
The message catalog system includes the "gencat" utility and
related library functions that are used to access a message
catalog from a C language application at run time.
2.15.2 I18N Tools
A set of tools is provided to assist engineers with the pro-
cess of extracting message text from C programs and gen-
erating message catalogs. Message text source files can be
translated using the utility "trans" or with any eight bit
transparent text editor. These tools (extract, strextract,
strmerge) are designed to work with the XPG3 message catalog
system and are Digital enhancements to the NLS environment.
2.15.3 Commands and Utilities
There are 71 eight bit transparent commands as specified in
XPG3. Several other commands are also eight bit transparent
including editors (vi, ex, ed, sed) and networking commands
(rlogin, ftp, tip, uucp).
All NLS commands are provided and conform to the XPG3 speci-
fication. Refer to I18N Tools.
The utility iconv provides a mechanism for codeset conversion
that may be necessary in a heterogeneous network.
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2.15.4 Libraries
A library of internationalization routines that conform to
XPG3 is provided (libi) as well as modifications to the
standard C library. These changes meet both the XPG3 and
POSIX specifications.
ctype library routines have been modified to make use of
locale/culture specific information.
Standard C library functions handle 8 bit characters properly
in accordance with XPG3.
The routines setlocale, strxfrm, strcoll, strftime are in
libc. The setlocale routine allows users to select a specific
instance of localization such as dictionary or telephone
ordering instead of character ordering (@modifier syntax).
2.15.5 Kernel
The kernel provides support for the use of Digital's MCS
character set as well as ISO 8859/1 (e.g. 8 bit coded charac-
ter sets).
2.15.6 Networking
Networking commands provide full 8 bit character support.
Mail is not eight bit transparent since the U.S. government
RFC 822 specifically states that the high order bit is to be
stripped. X/Open has recognized this as a problem and will
likely withdraw the requirement for eight bit transparent
Mail.
DECnet is 8 bit transparent.
2.15.7 Filesystem
The ULTRIX filesystem provides full 8 bit transparency.
Data interchange routines, such as tar and cpio, support
eight bit filenames. This can potentially cause an interop-
erability problem with UNIX systems that only provide 7 bit
ASCII support.
2.15.8 System Administration
Usernames with eight bit characters are fully supported and
tools, such as adduser, have been updated to reflect this.
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2.16 ULTRIX Subsets
2.16.1 ULTRIX Supported Subsets
The definition of mandatory and optional subsets can be found
in the Advanced Installation Guide. The master inventory file
/sys/dist/ULTRIX.mi contained within the unsupported UDXBASE400
for RISC and ULXBASE400 for VAX subset, contains a list of
software components. Subsets with names that begin with UDT
for RISC and ULT for VAX contain supported components.
2.16.2 ULTRIX Unsupported Subsets
In addition to the supported components of ULTRIX, Digital pro-
vides components provided by 4.2BSD on an "AS-IS" basis. This
software is not warranted by Digital and no Software Perfor-
mance Reports will be acknowledged or answered on any component
of these subsets. Support service cannot be purchased for this
software. The unsupported component software is provided on a
separate distribution media, with the exception of the RA60 dis-
tribution and CDROM distribution, in which case, the unsupported
subset is contained in a separate partition on the disk. These
commands assigned to subsets with names that begin with UDX for
RISC and ULX for VAX are unsupported components.
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3.0 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ULTRIX (RISC) AND ULTRIX (VAX)
FORTRAN and Pascal are sold separately as layered products.
Certain portions of the unsupported code which are architecture
dependent on VAX will not ship. VAX C will not be shipped. The
R2000/R3000 hardware uses the COFF format (Common Object File
Format) in its object files and load modules.
3.1 Compiler Differences
3.1.1 DEC C for ULTRIX
DEC C for ULTRIX Version 1.0 is a Digital ANSI-compliant C
compiler currently available for the RISC architecture running
the ULTRIX Version 4.1 & 4.2 Operating System.
The documentation for DEC C is provided in hardcopy form and
online via the Bookreader. The online man(1) command provides
access to the c89 and cpp89 manpages for the compiler and pre-
processor, respectively. The documents are provided in hardcopy
form with the Media kit and online form on the ULTRIX Online
Documentation (OLD) Disc.
ULTRIX and ULTRIX Worksystem Software include a license for
DEC C. The binaries and documentation are not included in the
operating system media and must be ordered as a separate DEC
C H-kit. Refer to the SOFTWARE OPTIONS section for ordering
information.
The following differences exist between ULTRIX (VAX) cc and
ULTRIX (RISC) cc:
o Hardware architectural differences.
o ULTRIX (RISC) does not support the const keyword.
o ULTRIX (RISC) pointers are unsigned, VAX pointers are signed.
o Cannot dereference NULL ptrs on ULTRIX (RISC); includes arg
to strlen.
o asm() is not supported with ULTRIX (RISC) in any form.
o The ULTRIX (RISC) compiler does not allow ``old-fashioned
initialization''. An example of this, which worked on VAX but
gave a warning and does not work on ULTRIX (RISC), is: ``int
i 0'';.
o varargs is different. Any program that tries to walk the
argument list by taking the address of an argument and in-
crementing it will not be successful, especially for double
precision arguments. Programs using the macros in varargs.h
will work. Compiling with the ``-varargs'' option on ULTRIX
(RISC) will attempt to detect non-portable code.
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o The setjmp/longjmp buffer is larger on ULTRIX (RISC). Pro-
grams with a hard coded ten-word buffer will fail; programs
that correctly include 