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Ride the Lightning - Wikipedia Jump to content

Ride the Lightning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The Call of Ktulu)
This article is about the Metallica album. For other uses, see Ride the Lightning (disambiguation).

Ride the Lightning
The artwork depicts an electric chair on a dark and ominous background being struck by lightning flowing from Metallica's pointed logo on top. The title is written in smaller white capital letters at the bottom.
Studio album by
Metallica
ReleasedJuly 27, 1984 (1984-07-27)
RecordedFebruary 20 – March 14, 1984
StudioSweet Silence, Copenhagen
GenreThrash metal
Length47:26
LabelMegaforce
Producer
Metallica chronology
Kill 'Em All
(1983) 		Ride the Lightning
(1984) 		Master of Puppets
(1986)
Singles from Ride the Lightning
  1. "Creeping Death"
    Released: November 23, 1984

Ride the Lightning is the second studio album by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released on July 27, 1984, by the independent record label Megaforce Records. The album was recorded in three weeks with producer Flemming Rasmussen at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark. The artwork, based on a concept by the band, depicts an electric chair being struck by lightning flowing from the band logo. The title was taken from a passage in Stephen King's novel The Stand, in which a character uses the phrase to refer to execution by electric chair.

Although rooted in the thrash metal genre, the album showcased the band's musical growth and lyrical sophistication. Bassist Cliff Burton introduced the basics of music theory to the band and had more input in the songwriting. Beyond the fast tempos of its debut Kill 'Em All, Metallica broadened its approach by employing acoustic guitars, extended instrumentals, and more complex harmonies. The overall recording costs were paid by Metallica's European label Music for Nations because Megaforce was unable to cover it. It is the last album to feature songwriting contributions from former lead guitarist Dave Mustaine, and the first to feature contributions from successor Kirk Hammett.

Ride the Lightning received a highly positive response from music critics, who saw it as a more ambitious effort than its predecessor. Metallica promoted the album on the Bang That Head That Doesn't Bang European tour in late 1984, and on its North American leg in the first half of 1985. The band performed at major music festivals such as Monsters of Rock and Day on the Green later that year. Two months after its release, Elektra Records signed Metallica to a multi-year deal and reissued the album. Ride the Lightning peaked at number 100 on the Billboard 200 with virtually no radio exposure. Although 75,000 copies were initially pressed for the American market, the album sold half a million by November 1987. It was certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2012 for shipping six million copies in the United States. Many rock publications have ranked Ride the Lightning on their best album lists, saying it had a lasting impact on thrash metal.

Background and recording

[edit]

Metallica released its debut album, Kill 'Em All, on the independent label Megaforce Records on July 25, 1983.[1] The album helped to establish thrash metal, a heavy metal subgenre defined by its brisk riffs and intense percussion.[2] After finishing its promotional tour, Metallica began composing new material, and from September, began performing the songs that were to make up Ride the Lightning at concerts. Because the band had little money, its members often ate one meal a day and stayed at fans' homes while playing at clubs across the United States.[3] An incident occurred when part of Metallica's gear was stolen in Boston, and Anthrax lent Metallica some of its equipment to complete the remaining dates. When not gigging, the band stayed in a rented house in El Cerrito, California, called the Metallica Mansion.[4] Frontman James Hetfield felt uneasy about performing double duty on vocals and rhythm guitar, so the band offered the job to Armored Saint singer John Bush, who turned down the offer because Armored Saint was doing well at the time.

Hetfield gradually built confidence as lead vocalist and kept his original role. Metallica started recording on February 20, 1984, at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark. The album was produced by Flemming Rasmussen, the founder of Sweet Silence Studios. Drummer Lars Ulrich chose Rasmussen, because he liked his work on Rainbow's Difficult to Cure (1981) and was keen to record in Europe.[5] Rasmussen, who had not heard of Metallica, agreed to work on the album, even though his studio employees questioned the band's talent. Rasmussen listened to Metallica's tapes before the members arrived and thought the band had great potential.[6] Metallica rehearsed the album's material at Mercyful Fate's practice room in Copenhagen.[7]

Outdoor picture of a concert venue
Metallica appeared second and played ten songs at the sold-out show at New York City's Roseland Ballroom on August 3, 1984.[5]

Before entering the studio, Metallica collected ideas on "riff tape" recordings of various jam sessions. Hetfield and Ulrich went through the tapes and selected the strongest riffs to assemble into songs. Instruments were recorded separately, with only Hetfield playing rhythm guitar.[8] Rasmussen, with the support of drum roadie Flemming Larsen, taught the basics of timing and beat duration to Ulrich, who had a tendency to increase speed and had little knowledge of rhythm theory.[4] Drums were recorded in an empty warehouse at the back of the studio, which was not soundproof, and caused reverberation.[7] Although four tracks were already arranged, the band members were not used to creating songs in the studio, as they had not done so for Kill 'Em All.[9] "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Trapped Under Ice", and "Escape" were written mostly in Copenhagen, and the band put finishing touches on "Fight Fire with Fire", "Ride the Lightning", "Creeping Death", and "The Call of Ktulu", which had already been performed live.[4]

Lead guitarist Kirk Hammett took the album's name from a passage in Stephen King's novel The Stand.[10] The cover art, displaying an electric chair in the midst of lightning bolts, was conceived before recording began.[11] Metallica initially had difficulty recording because gear was stolen three weeks before the band arrived in Copenhagen.[12] The band members slept in the studio by day as they could not afford a hotel and recorded by night, because the studio was booked by other artists during the daytime. Because the group was looking for a major label deal, several A&R representatives from different labels visited the studio. At first, it seemed that Metallica was going to sign with Bronze Records, but the deal was canceled, because Bronze executive Gerry Bron did not appreciate the work done at Sweet Silence Studios, and wanted the US edition to be remixed by engineer Eddie Kramer, and even considered re-recording the album in another studio. Metallica was put off by Bron's failure to share the band's artistic vision and decided to look for another label for the US release, though Bronze had already advertised Metallica as one of its bands.[6]

Metallica had to record quickly because of European shows scheduled 29 days after entering the studio. Recording finished on March 14, and Megaforce released the album on July 27.[13] Although the original album budget was $20,000, the final expense was above US$30,000 (equivalent to $91,774 in 2023).[6] Metallica's European label Music for Nations paid the studio costs because Megaforce owner Jon Zazula could not afford them.[5] Metallica was unhappy with the lack of promotion by Megaforce, and decided to part ways with Zazula. Major label Elektra Records A&R executive Michael Alago noticed Metallica at The Stone gig in San Francisco, and invited Elektra's chairman and the head of promotion to see the August show in New York. The performance at Roseland Ballroom, with Anthrax and Metallica opening for Raven, pleased the Elektra staff, and the band was offered a contract the following morning.[14] On September 12, Metallica signed with Elektra, which re-released the album on November 19. Cliff Burnstein and Peter Mensch of Q Prime were concurrently appointed as the band's new managers.[13] Ride the Lightning is the last Metallica album to feature co-writing contributions from former lead guitarist Dave Mustaine, who received credit on the title track and "The Call of Ktulu". The album also represented the first time Hammett was given writing credits.[15]

Music and lyrics

[edit]

Music writers opine that Ride the Lightning exhibits greater musical maturity, with sonically broader songs than Kill 'Em All, which was noted for its one-dimensional sound. This development is partially because of bassist Cliff Burton's knowledge of music theory. He showed Hetfield how to augment core notes with complementary counter-melodies and how basic guitar harmony works, which reflected on the song compositions.[16] Hetfield developed more socially aware lyrics, as well as ominous and semi-philosophical references.[17] Ulrich explained that Metallica opted not to rely strictly on fast tempos as on the previous album, but to explore other musical approaches that sounded powerful and heavy.[18] Grinder magazine's Kevin Fisher summarized the album as "ultimate thrash, destruction and total blur" that reminded him of the speed and power of Kill 'Em All.[19] Music journalist Martin Popoff observed that Ride the Lightning offered "sophistication and brutality in equal measure" and was seen as something new at the time of its release.[20] Discussing the album's lyrical content, philosopher William Irwin wrote: "After Kill 'Em All, the rebellion and aggression became much more focused as the enemy became more clearly defined. Metallica was deeply concerned about various domains in which the common man was wrongfully yet ingeniously deceived. More precisely, they were highly critical of those in power".[21]

"Ride the Lightning"
The title track's sound has a foreboding mood suiting the morbid lyrics. Hetfield recorded his guitar parts relatively fast and overlaid them with two more takes played live, instead of overdubbing them.[5]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The major-key acoustic introduction to "Fight Fire with Fire" displays Metallica's evolution towards a more harmonically complex style of songwriting. The fastest Metallica song in terms of picking speed, it is driven by nimbly tremolo-picked riffs in the verses and chorus. The extended solo at the end dissolves in a sound effect of a vast nuclear explosion.[22] The main riff was taped during the Kill 'Em All Tour and the acoustic intro was something Burton was playing on acoustic guitar at the time.[23] The lyrical themes focused on nuclear annihilation, and specifically critiques the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction.[20]

"Ride the Lightning" is Metallica's first song to have emphasized the misery of the criminal justice system. The lyrics are in the perspective of a death row inmate anticipating execution by the electric chair. The song, one of the two album tracks that credits Mustaine, begins in a mid-tempo which gradually accelerates as the song progresses.[22] One of the riffs, originally composed by Mustaine, was simplified. It features an instrumental middle section highlighted by Hammett's soloing.[20] According to Hetfield, the song is not a criticism of capital punishment, but a tale of a man sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, as in the opening lyrics: "Guilty as charged/But damn it/It ain't right".[24]

"Fade to Black"
"Fade to Black" has a similar structure to Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird". The use of acoustic guitars and clean vocals alienated some of Metallica's fanbase at the time.[5]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" begins with a bell tolling, followed by a marching riff and high-register bass melody. The chromatic introduction, which Burton wrote before he joined Metallica, is often mistaken for an electric guitar but is actually Burton's bass guitar augmented with distortion and a wah-wah pedal. The lyrics were inspired by Ernest Hemingway's 1940 novel of the same name, which explores the horror and dishonor of modern warfare.[25] "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was released as a promotional single in two versions, an edit on side A and the album version on side B.

"Fade to Black" is a power ballad with lyrics about suicide. Hetfield wrote the words because he felt powerless after the band's equipment was stolen before the January 1984 show in Boston.[5] Musically, the song begins with an acoustic guitar introduction overlaid with electric soloing. The song becomes progressively heavier and faster, ending with multi-layered guitar solos.[26] The ballad's arpeggiated chords and reserved singing was incongruous for thrash metal bands at the time and disappointed some of Metallica's fans. The song's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads, "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)", "One", and "The Day That Never Comes".[27] "Fade to Black" was released as a promotional single in 1984, in phosphorescent green.[28]

"Trapped Under Ice" is about a person who wakes from a cryonic state. Realizing there is nowhere to go, and no-one will come to the rescue, the person helplessly awaits impending doom. The song is built on a fast-picked galloping riff, reminiscent of the album's opener.[26] It was inspired by a track Hammett's former band Exodus had demoed called "Impaler", which was later released on that band's 2004 album Tempo of the Damned.[29]

"Escape" was originally titled "The Hammer" and was intended to be released as a single due to its lighter riffs and conventional song structure. The intro features a counterpoint bass melody and a chugging guitar riff that resolves into a standard down-picked riff.[30] "Escape" is Hetfield's most disliked Metallica song, due to it being the result of the record company forcing Metallica to write something more radio friendly. Book authors Mick Wall and Malcolm Dome said the song was influenced by the album-oriented rock of 1970s bands such as Journey and Foreigner, but fans perceived it as an attempt for airplay on rock radio.[6] Metallica has so far performed "Escape" live only once, at the 2012 Orion Music + More festival, while performing Ride the Lightning in its entirety.[31]

"Creeping Death" describes the Plague of the Death of the Firstborn (Exodus 12:29). The lyrics deal with the ten plagues visited on Ancient Egypt; four of them are mentioned throughout the song, as well as the Passover.[30] The title was inspired by a scene from The Ten Commandments while the band was watching the movie at Burton's house.[23] The bridge, with its chant "Die, by my hand!", was originally written by Hammett for the song "Die by His Hand" while he was playing in Exodus, who recorded it as a demo but did not feature it on a studio album. Journalist Joel McIver called the song a "moshpit anthem" due to its epic lyrical themes and dramatic atmosphere.[7] "Creeping Death" was released as a single with a B-side titled Garage Days Revisited made up of covers of Diamond Head's "Am I Evil?" and Blitzkrieg's "Blitzkrieg".[32]

"The Call of Ktulu", tentatively titled "When Hell Freezes Over", was inspired by H. P. Lovecraft's book The Shadow over Innsmouth, which was introduced to the rest of the band by Burton.[33] The title was taken from one of Lovecraft's key stories featuring Cthulhu, The Call of Cthulhu, although the original name was modified to "Ktulu" for easier pronunciation. The track begins with a D minor chord progression in the intro, written by Mustaine (Mustaine later re-used the chord structure on Megadeth's track "Hangar 18") followed by a two-minute bass solo over a rhythmic riff pattern.[33] Conductor Michael Kamen rearranged the piece for Metallica's 1999 S&M project and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 2001.[34]

Reception and legacy

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[35]
Chicago Tribune[36]
Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal10/10[37]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[38]
The Guardian[39]
Pitchfork10/10[40]
Q[41]
Rock Hard10/10[42]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[43]
Sputnikmusic[44]

Ride the Lightning received widespread acclaim from music critics. According to Q magazine, the album confirmed Metallica's status as the leading heavy metal band of the modern era. The magazine credited the group for redefining the norms of thrash metal with "Fade to Black", the genre's first power ballad.[41] British rock magazine Kerrang! stated that the album's maturity and musical intelligence helped Metallica expand heavy metal's boundaries.[41] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described Ride the Lightning as a more refined extension of the group's debut.[36] In a retrospective review, Sputnikmusic's Channing Freeman named it as one of the few albums that can be charming and powerful at the same time. He praised Hetfield's vocal performance and concluded that Metallica was "firing on all cylinders".[44] AllMusic's Steve Huey saw the album as a more ambitious and remarkable effort than Kill 'Em All. He called Ride the Lightning an "all-time metal classic" because of the band's rich musical imagination and lyrics that avoided heavy metal cliches.[35]

The Rolling Stone Album Guide viewed the album as a great step forward for the band and as an album that established the concept for Metallica's following two records.[43] Colin Larkin, writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music, singled out "For Whom the Bell Tolls" as an example of Metallica's growing music potential.[38] Popoff regards Ride the Lightning as an album where "extreme metal became art".[45] "This literally was the first album since (Judas Priest's 1976) Sad Wings of Destiny where the rulebook has changed. This was a new kind of heaviness; the soft, billowy but explosive production was amazing, the speed was superhuman", stated Popoff.[7] Reviewing the 2016 reissue, Jason Anderson of Uncut considers Ride the Lightning the second best Metallica album which set the pace for metal in the years to come.[46]

Megaforce initially pressed 75,000 copies of the album for the US market, while Music for Nations serviced the European market.[47] By late 1984, 85,000 copies of Ride the Lightning had been sold in Europe, resulting in Metallica's first cover story for Kerrang! in its December issue.[48] After signing Metallica, Elektra released the single "Creeping Death" in a sleeve depicting a bridge and a skull painted grey and green. The album peaked at number 100 on the Billboard 200 with no radio exposure.[7] In 1984, the French record label Bernett Records misprinted the color of the album cover in green, rather than blue, and 400 copies with the green cover were produced.[49] Ride the Lightning went gold by November 1987 and in 2012 was certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for six million copies shipped in the US.[50]

The album, along with Kill 'Em All, was reissued in 2016 as a boxed set including demos and live recordings.[51] Many rock publications have ranked Ride the Lightning on their best album lists. The album placed fifth on IGN Music's "Top 25 Metal Albums" list.[52] Spin listed it as a thrash metal essential, declaring it "the thrashiest thrash ever".[53] According to Guitar World, Ride the Lightning "didn't just change the band's trajectory—it reset the course of metal itself".[29] Corey Deiterman of the Houston Press considers Ride the Lightning the most influential Metallica album, saying it had a lasting impact on genres such as crossover thrash and hardcore punk.[54] In 2017, it was ranked 11th on Rolling Stone's list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time".[55] In a 1991 interview, Jason Newsted stated that Ride the Lightning was next to Metallica, "the best album ever".[56]

Touring

[edit]
Two guitarists dressed in black and a drummer performing on stage
Metallica (pictured in 2009) began using Ennio Morricone's "The Ecstasy of Gold" as its concert introduction music in 1984.[6]

After recording was completed, Music for Nations founder Martin Hooker wanted to arrange a triple-bill UK tour in March / April 1984 with Exciter, Metallica, and the Rods. The Hell on Earth Tour never materialized because of poor ticket sales.[7] To promote Ride the Lightning, Metallica commenced the Bang That Head That Doesn't Bang European tour on November 16, in Rouen, France, with English new wave band Tank as support. The tour continued with dates in Belgium, Italy, Germany, and the Nordic countries to an average crowd of 1,300. After a Christmas break, the group embarked on a 50-date North American tour, first as a co-headlining act with W.A.S.P. and then as headliners with Armored Saint supporting.[57] At a gig in Portland, Oregon, Metallica covered "The Money Will Roll Right In" by Fang, with Armored Saint onstage.

The American leg ended in March 1985, and the band spent the following months working on the next studio album, Master of Puppets, whose recording sessions were scheduled to begin in September. Metallica performed at the Monsters of Rock festival held at Castle Donington in England on August 17 in front of 70,000 fans. The band was placed between Ratt and Bon Jovi, two glam metal groups whose sound and appearance were much unlike Metallica's. At the start of the set, Hetfield pronounced to the audience: "If you came here to see spandex, eye make-up, and the words 'oh baby' in every fuckin' song, this ain't the fuckin' band!" Two weeks later, Metallica appeared on the Day on the Green festival in Oakland, California, before 90,000 people. The last show Metallica played before recording began was the Loreley Metal Hammer Festival in Germany, headlined by Venom. [7] "Disposable Heroes" from the upcoming album was performed live for the first time at this festival. Metallica finished 1985 with a show at the Sacramento Memorial Auditorium on December 29 opening for Y&T, and a New Year's Eve concert at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco on a bill with Metal Church, Exodus, and Megadeth, the first time Metallica and Megadeth shared a stage. At this gig, Metallica premiered "Master of Puppets" from the then-upcoming third studio album.[58]

Track listing

[edit]

Original release

[edit]

All lyrics written by James Hetfield (Kirk Hammett also contributed to lyrics for "Creeping Death"). The bonus tracks on the digital re-release were recorded live at the Seattle Coliseum, Seattle, Washington, on August 29 and 30, 1989, and later appeared on the live album Live Shit: Binge & Purge (1993).

Side one
No.TitleMusicLength
1."Fight Fire with Fire"
4:44
2."Ride the Lightning"
6:37
3."For Whom the Bell Tolls"
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
5:11
4."Fade to Black"
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
  • Hammett
6:55
Side two
No.TitleMusicLength
5."Trapped Under Ice"
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Hammett
4:04
6."Escape"
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Hammett
4:24
7."Creeping Death"
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
  • Hammett
6:36
8."The Call of Ktulu" (instrumental)
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
  • Mustaine
8:55
Total length:47:26
Bonus tracks (digital reissue)[59]
No.TitleMusicLength
9."For Whom the Bell Tolls" (live)
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
5:35
10."Creeping Death" (live)
  • Hetfield
  • Ulrich
  • Burton
  • Hammett
8:12
Total length:61:15

2016 deluxe box set

[edit]

In 2016, the album was remastered and reissued in a limited-edition deluxe box set with an expanded track listing and bonus content. The deluxe edition set includes the original album on vinyl and CD, with an additional vinyl record containing a live show recorded in Los Angeles, a picture disc containing the "Creeping Death" single tracklist, six CDs of live recordings, interviews, rough mixes, and demos recorded from 1984 to 1985, and one DVD of live shows and interviews with the band.[60]

Personnel

[edit]

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[15][61][62]

Metallica

  • James Hetfield – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar on "Fight Fire with Fire" and "Fade to Black"
  • Lars Ulrich – drums, backing vocals on "Ride the Lightning", anvil on "For Whom the Bell Tolls"[63]
  • Cliff Burton – bass, backing vocals
  • Kirk Hammett – lead guitar, backing vocals

Production

Packaging

  • Metallica – cover concept
  • AD Artists – cover design
  • Fin Costello, Anthony D. Somella, Robert Hoetink – inner sleeve photos
  • Pete Cronin, Rick Brackett, Harold Oimen – back cover photos

Digital re-release bonus tracks

Charts

[edit]

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[81] 3× Platinum 210,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)[82] Platinum 100,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[83] 2× Platinum 40,000‡
Germany (BVMI)[84] Platinum 500,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[85]
sales since 2009 		Gold 25,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)[86] Platinum 20,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[87] Platinum 300,000‡
United States (RIAA)[89] 6× Platinum 6,950,000[88]

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gulla 2009, p. 101.
  2. ^ Dome & Wall 2011, Chapter 1: Kill 'Em All.
  3. ^ Gulla 2009, p. 102.
  4. ^ a b c Wiederhorn, Jon (July 27, 2016). "32 Years Ago: Metallica Release 'Ride the Lightning'". Loudwire. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
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  6. ^ a b c d e Dome & Wall 2011, Chapter 2: Ride the Lightning.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g McIver 2014, Chapter 11: 1984–1985.
  8. ^ Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 225.
  9. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 41.
  10. ^ Grow, Kory (July 28, 2014). "Fighting Fire With Fire: Metallica Look Back on 'Ride the Lightning'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  11. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 40.
  12. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 42.
  13. ^ a b Gulla 2009, p. 103.
  14. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 52.
  15. ^ a b Ride the Lightning (CD liner notes). Megaforce Records. 1984. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |people= ignored (help)
  16. ^ McIver 2009, p. 109.
  17. ^ McIver 2009, p. 117.
  18. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 45.
  19. ^ Popoff 2013, p. 46.
  20. ^ a b c Popoff 2013, p. 47.
  21. ^ Irwin 2009, pp. 49, 50.
  22. ^ a b McIver 2009, p. 118.
  23. ^ a b Everley, Dave (May 19, 2016). "Metallica: How We Made Ride The Lightning". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  24. ^ Irwin 2009, p. 129.
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  26. ^ a b McIver 2009, p. 120.
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  29. ^ a b Angle, Brad (August 2014). "High Voltage". Guitar World: 54. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
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  44. ^ a b Freeman, Channing (September 23, 2011). "Ride The Lightning – Metallica". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  45. ^ Popoff 2004, p. 12.
  46. ^ Anderson, Jason (May 26, 2016). "Metallica – Kill Em All/Ride The Lightning". Uncut. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
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  58. ^ McIver 2014, Chapter 13: 1986.
  59. ^ Kaufman, Gil (July 26, 2006). "Metallica Put Catalog On iTunes — Quietly". MTV. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
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Bibliography

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