Minifloat

In computing, minifloats are floating-point values represented with very few bits. This reduced precision makes them ill-suited for general-purpose numerical calculations, but they are useful for special purposes such as:

• Computer graphics, where iterations are small and precision has aesthetic effects.
• Machine learning, which can be relatively insensitive to numeric precision. bfloat16 and fp8 are common formats.

Additionally, they are frequently encountered as a pedagogical tool in computer-science courses to demonstrate the properties and structures of floating-point arithmetic and IEEE 754 numbers.

Minifloats with 16 bits are half-precision numbers (opposed to single and double precision). There are also minifloats with 8 bits or even fewer.

Minifloats can be designed following the principles of the IEEE 754 standard. In this case they must obey the (not explicitly written) rules for the frontier between subnormal and normal numbers and must have special patterns for infinity and NaN. Normalized numbers are stored with a biased exponent. The new revision of the standard, IEEE 754-2008, has 16-bit binary minifloats.

Notation

A minifloat is usually described using a tuple of four numbers, (S, E, M, B):

• S is the length of the sign field. It is usually either 0 or 1.
• E is the length of the exponent field.
• M is the length of the mantissa (significand) field.
• B is the exponent bias.

A minifloat format denoted by (S, E, M, B) is, therefore, S + E + M bits long. The (S, E, M, B) notation can be converted to a (B, P, L, U) format as (2, M + 1, B + 1, 2^S − B) (with IEEE use of exponents).

Example 8-bit float (1.4.3)

Layout of an example 8-bit minifloat (1.4.3)

sign	exponent				significand
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

A minifloat in 1 byte (8 bit) with 1 sign bit, 4 exponent bits and 3 significand bits (in short, a 1.4.3 minifloat) is demonstrated here. The exponent bias is defined as 7 to center the values around 1 to match other IEEE 754 floats so (for most values) the actual multiplier for exponent x is 2^x−7. All IEEE 754 principles should be valid.

Numbers in a different base are marked as ..._base, for example, 101₂ = 5. The bit patterns have spaces to visualize their parts.

Representation of zero

Zero is represented as zero exponent with a zero mantissa. The zero exponent means zero is a subnormal number with a leading "0." prefix, and with the zero mantissa all bits after the decimal point are zero, meaning this value is interpreted as $0.000_{2}\times 2^{-6}=0$. Floating point numbers use a signed zero, so $-0$ is also available and is equal to positive $0$.

0 0000 000 = 0
1 0000 000 = −0

Subnormal numbers

The significand is extended with "0." and the exponent value is treated as 1 higher like the least normalized number:

0 0000 001 = 0.0012 × 21 - 7 = 0.125 × 2-6 = 0.001953125 (least subnormal number)
...
0 0000 111 = 0.1112 × 21 - 7 = 0.875 × 2-6 = 0.013671875 (greatest subnormal number)

Normalized numbers

The significand is extended with "1.":

0 0001 000 = 1.0002 × 21 - 7 = 1 × 2-6 = 0.015625 (least normalized number)
0 0001 001 = 1.0012 × 21 - 7 = 1.125 × 2-6 = 0.017578125
...
0 0111 000 = 1.0002 × 27 - 7 = 1 × 20 = 1
0 0111 001 = 1.0012 × 27 - 7 = 1.125 × 20 = 1.125 (least value above 1)
...
0 1110 000 = 1.0002 × 214 - 7 =  1.000 × 27 =  128
0 1110 001 = 1.0012 × 214 - 7 =  1.125 × 27 =  144
...
0 1110 110 = 1.1102 × 214 - 7 =  1.750 × 27 = 224
0 1110 111 = 1.1112 × 214 - 7 =  1.875 × 27 = 240 (greatest normalized number)

Infinity

Infinity values have the highest exponent, with the mantissa set to zero. The sign bit can be either positive or negative.

0 1111 000 = +infinity
1 1111 000 = −infinity

Not a number

NaN values have the highest exponent, with a non-zero value for the mantissa. A float with 1-bit sign and 3-bit mantissa has $2\times (2^{3}-1)=14$ NaN values.

s 1111 mmm = NaN (if mmm ≠ 000)

Table of values

This is a chart of all possible values for this example 8-bit float.

	… 000	… 001	… 010	… 011	… 100	… 101	… 110	… 111
0 0000 …	0	0.001953125	0.00390625	0.005859375	0.0078125	0.009765625	0.01171875	0.013671875
0 0001 …	0.015625	0.017578125	0.01953125	0.021484375	0.0234375	0.025390625	0.02734375	0.029296875
0 0010 …	0.03125	0.03515625	0.0390625	0.04296875	0.046875	0.05078125	0.0546875	0.05859375
0 0011 …	0.0625	0.0703125	0.078125	0.0859375	0.09375	0.1015625	0.109375	0.1171875
0 0100 …	0.125	0.140625	0.15625	0.171875	0.1875	0.203125	0.21875	0.234375
0 0101 …	0.25	0.28125	0.3125	0.34375	0.375	0.40625	0.4375	0.46875
0 0110 …	0.5	0.5625	0.625	0.6875	0.75	0.8125	0.875	0.9375
0 0111 …	1	1.125	1.25	1.375	1.5	1.625	1.75	1.875
0 1000 …	2	2.25	2.5	2.75	3	3.25	3.5	3.75
0 1001 …	4	4.5	5	5.5	6	6.5	7	7.5
0 1010 …	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
0 1011 …	16	18	20	22	24	26	28	30
0 1100 …	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60
0 1101 …	64	72	80	88	96	104	112	120
0 1110 …	128	144	160	176	192	208	224	240
0 1111 …	Inf	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
1 0000 …	−0	−0.001953125	−0.00390625	−0.005859375	−0.0078125	−0.009765625	−0.01171875	−0.013671875
1 0001 …	−0.015625	−0.017578125	−0.01953125	−0.021484375	−0.0234375	−0.025390625	−0.02734375	−0.029296875
1 0010 …	−0.03125	−0.03515625	−0.0390625	−0.04296875	−0.046875	−0.05078125	−0.0546875	−0.05859375
1 0011 …	−0.0625	−0.0703125	−0.078125	−0.0859375	−0.09375	−0.1015625	−0.109375	−0.1171875
1 0100 …	−0.125	−0.140625	−0.15625	−0.171875	−0.1875	−0.203125	−0.21875	−0.234375
1 0101 …	−0.25	−0.28125	−0.3125	−0.34375	−0.375	−0.40625	−0.4375	−0.46875
1 0110 …	−0.5	−0.5625	−0.625	−0.6875	−0.75	−0.8125	−0.875	−0.9375
1 0111 …	−1	−1.125	−1.25	−1.375	−1.5	−1.625	−1.75	−1.875
1 1000 …	−2	−2.25	−2.5	−2.75	−3	−3.25	−3.5	−3.75
1 1001 …	−4	−4.5	−5	−5.5	−6	−6.5	−7	−7.5
1 1010 …	−8	−9	−10	−11	−12	−13	−14	−15
1 1011 …	−16	−18	−20	−22	−24	−26	−28	−30
1 1100 …	−32	−36	−40	−44	−48	−52	−56	−60
1 1101 …	−64	−72	−80	−88	−96	−104	−112	−120
1 1110 …	−128	−144	−160	−176	−192	−208	−224	−240
1 1111 …	−Inf	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

There are only 242 different non-NaN values (if +0 and −0 are regarded as different), because 14 of the bit patterns represent NaNs.

Alternative bias values

At these small sizes other bias values may be interesting, for instance a bias of -2 will make the numbers 0-16 have the same bit representation as the integers 0-16, with the loss that no non-integer values can be represented.

0 0000 000 = 0.0002 × 21 - (-2) = 0.0 × 23 = 0 (subnormal number)
0 0000 001 = 0.0012 × 21 - (-2) = 0.125 × 23 = 1 (subnormal number)
0 0000 111 = 0.1112 × 21 - (-2) = 0.875 × 23 = 7 (subnormal number)
0 0001 000 = 1.0002 × 21 - (-2) = 1.000 × 23 = 8 (normalized number)
0 0001 111 = 1.1112 × 21 - (-2) = 1.875 × 23 = 15 (normalized number)
0 0010 000 = 1.0002 × 22 - (-2) = 1.000 × 24 = 16 (normalized number)

Different bit allocations

The above describes an example 8-bit float with 1 sign bit, 4 exponent bits, and 3 significand bits, which is a nice balance. However, any bit allocation is possible. A format could choose to give more of the bits to the exponent if they need more dynamic range with less precision, or give more of the bits to the significand if they need more precision with less dynamic range. At the extreme, it is possible to allocate all bits to the exponent, or all but one of the bits to the significand, leaving the exponent with only one bit. The exponent must be given at least one bit, or else it no longer makes sense as a float, it just becomes a signed number.

Here is a chart of all possible values for a different 8-bit float with 1 sign bit, 3 exponent bits and 4 significand bits. Having 1 more significand bit than exponent bits ensures that the precision remains at least 0.5 throughout the entire range.

	… 0000	… 0001	… 0010	… 0011	… 0100	… 0101	… 0110	… 0111	… 1000	… 1001	… 1010	… 1011	… 1100	… 1101	… 1110	… 1111
0 000 …	0	0.015625	0.03125	0.046875	0.0625	0.078125	0.09375	0.109375	0.125	0.140625	0.15625	0.171875	0.1875	0.203125	0.21875	0.234375
0 001 …	0.25	0.265625	0.28125	0.296875	0.3125	0.328125	0.34375	0.359375	0.375	0.390625	0.40625	0.421875	0.4375	0.453125	0.46875	0.484375
0 010 …	0.5	0.53125	0.5625	0.59375	0.625	0.65625	0.6875	0.71875	0.75	0.78125	0.8125	0.84375	0.875	0.90625	0.9375	0.96875
0 011 …	1	1.0625	1.125	1.1875	1.25	1.3125	1.375	1.4375	1.5	1.5625	1.625	1.6875	1.75	1.8125	1.875	1.9375
0 100 …	2	2.125	2.25	2.375	2.5	2.625	2.75	2.875	3	3.125	3.25	3.375	3.5	3.625	3.75	3.875
0 101 …	4	4.25	4.5	4.75	5	5.25	5.5	5.75	6	6.25	6.5	6.75	7	7.25	7.5	7.75
0 110 …	8	8.5	9	9.5	10	10.5	11	11.5	12	12.5	13	13.5	14	14.5	15	15.5
0 111 …	Inf	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
1 000 …	−0	−0.015625	−0.03125	−0.046875	−0.0625	−0.078125	−0.09375	−0.109375	−0.125	−0.140625	−0.15625	−0.171875	−0.1875	−0.203125	−0.21875	−0.234375
1 001 …	−0.25	−0.265625	−0.28125	−0.296875	−0.3125	−0.328125	−0.34375	−0.359375	−0.375	−0.390625	−0.40625	−0.421875	−0.4375	−0.453125	−0.46875	−0.484375
1 010 …	−0.5	−0.53125	−0.5625	−0.59375	−0.625	−0.65625	−0.6875	−0.71875	−0.75	−0.78125	−0.8125	−0.84375	−0.875	−0.90625	−0.9375	−0.96875
1 011 …	−1	−1.0625	−1.125	−1.1875	−1.25	−1.3125	−1.375	−1.4375	−1.5	−1.5625	−1.625	−1.6875	−1.75	−1.8125	−1.875	−1.9375
1 100 …	−2	−2.125	−2.25	−2.375	−2.5	−2.625	−2.75	−2.875	−3	−3.125	−3.25	−3.375	−3.5	−3.625	−3.75	−3.875
1 101 …	−4	−4.25	−4.5	−4.75	−5	−5.25	−5.5	−5.75	−6	−6.25	−6.5	−6.75	−7	−7.25	−7.5	−7.75
1 110 …	−8	−8.5	−9	−9.5	−10	−10.5	−11	−11.5	−12	−12.5	−13	−13.5	−14	−14.5	−15	−15.5
1 111 …	−Inf	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

Tables like the above can be generated for any combination of SEMB (sign, exponent, mantissa/significand, and bias) values using a script in Python or in GDScript.

Arithmetic

Addition

Addition of (1.3.2.3)-minifloats

The graphic demonstrates the addition of even smaller (1.3.2.3)-minifloats with 6 bits. This floating-point system follows the rules of IEEE 754 exactly. NaN as operand produces always NaN results. Inf − Inf and (−Inf) + Inf results in NaN too (green area). Inf can be augmented and decremented by finite values without change. Sums with finite operands can give an infinite result (i.e. 14.0 + 3.0 = +Inf as a result is the cyan area, −Inf is the magenta area). The range of the finite operands is filled with the curves x + y = c, where c is always one of the representable float values (blue and red for positive and negative results respectively).

Subtraction, multiplication and division

The other arithmetic operations can be illustrated similarly:

• 
  Subtraction
• 
  Multiplication
• 
  Division

Other sizes

The Radeon R300 and R420 GPUs used an "fp24" floating-point format with 7 bits of exponent and 16 bits (+1 implicit) of mantissa. "Full Precision" in Direct3D 9.0 is a proprietary 24-bit floating-point format. Microsoft's D3D9 (Shader Model 2.0) graphics API initially supported both FP24 (as in ATI's R300 chip) and FP32 (as in Nvidia's NV30 chip) as "Full Precision", as well as FP16 as "Partial Precision" for vertex and pixel shader calculations performed by the graphics hardware.

Khronos defines 10-bit and 11-bit float formats for use with Vulkan. Both formats have no sign bit and a 5-bit exponent. The 10-bit format has a 5-bit mantissa, and the 11-bit format has a 6-bit mantissa.

IEEE SA Working Group P3109 is currently working on a standard for 8-bit minifloats optimized for machine learning. The current draft defines not one format, but a family of 7 different formats, named "binary8pP", where "P" is a number from 1 to 7. These floats are designed to be compact and efficient, but do not follow the same semantics as other IEEE floats, and are missing features such as negative zero and multiple NaN values. Infinity is defined as both the exponent and significand having all ones, instead of other IEEE floats where the exponent is all ones and the significand is all zeroes.

4 bits and fewer

The smallest possible float size that follows all IEEE principles, including normalized numbers, subnormal numbers, signed zero, signed infinity, and multiple NaN values, is a 4-bit float with 1-bit sign, 2-bit exponent, and 1-bit mantissa. In the table below, the columns have different values for the sign and mantissa bits, and the rows are different values for the exponent bits.

	0 … 0	0 … 1	1 … 0	1 … 1
… 00 …	0	0.5	−0	−0.5
… 01 …	1	1.5	−1	−1.5
… 10 …	2	3	−2	−3
… 11 …	Inf	NaN	−Inf	NaN

If normalized numbers are not required, the size can be reduced to 3-bit by reducing the exponent down to 1.

	0 … 0	0 … 1	1 … 0	1 … 1
… 0 …	0	1	−0	−1
… 1 …	Inf	NaN	−Inf	NaN

In situations where the sign bit can be excluded, each of the above examples can be reduced by 1 bit further, keeping only the left half of the above tables. A 2-bit float with 1-bit exponent and 1-bit mantissa would only have 0, 1, Inf, NaN values.

If the mantissa is allowed to be 0-bit, a 1-bit float format would have a 1-bit exponent, and the only two values would be 0 and Inf. The exponent must be at least 1 bit or else it no longer makes sense as a float (it would just be a signed number).

4-bit floating point numbers — without the four special IEEE values — have found use in accelerating large language models.

In embedded devices

Minifloats are also commonly used in embedded devices, especially on microcontrollers where floating-point will need to be emulated in software. To speed up the computation, the mantissa typically occupies exactly half of the bits, so the register boundary automatically addresses the parts without shifting.

See also

• Fixed-point arithmetic
• Half-precision floating-point format
• bfloat16 floating-point format
• G.711 A-Law

References

• Munafo, Robert (15 May 2016). "Survey of Floating-Point Formats". Retrieved 8 August 2016.

External links

• OpenGL half float pixel