Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan
These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.
Spelling patterns and pronunciation in Catalan and Valencian
[edit]| Consonants and combinations of consonant letters | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| b | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /b/ | blau, roba | /p/ | Baotou | ||
| medially before a lateral | /bː/ | /b/ | poble | — | — | ||
| medially before a nasal | /mː/[a] | submarins | — | — | |||
| /nː/[b] | obnoxi | — | — | ||||
| medially before a voiceless cons. | /p/ | absolut | — | — | |||
| finally | cub | Ø | Ø | amb | |||
| /p/ | tomb | ||||||
| bb | /bː/ | abbàssida | /b/ | lobby | |||
| bh | /b/ | subhasta | — | — | |||
| bs | /ps/[c] | abstracte | — | — | |||
| bv | /bː/[d] | /bv/[e] | obvietat | — | — | ||
| ç | final before vowels or a voiced cons. | /z/ | feliçment | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /s/ | açò | — | — | |||
| c | before e, i | ciri | /t͡ʃ/ | Versace | |||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /k/ | casa | /t͡s/ | Cao Zhi | |||
| finally | rec | Ø | /k/ | banc | |||
| medially before a voiced cons. | /ɡ/ | ècdisi | — | — | |||
| medially before a nasal | /ŋ/[f] | tècnics | — | — | |||
| cc | before e, i | /ks/ | acció | /t͡ʃ/ | Gucci | ||
| *ch[1] (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | Lluch | Alborch | ||||
| /ʃ/ | quiche | ||||||
| /x/ | Bach (Ge. surname) | ||||||
| cch (in loanwords) | Crecchio | — | — | ||||
| cht (in loanwords) | /t/ | yacht | — | — | |||
| ck (in loanwords) | /k/ | hacker | — | — | |||
| cks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | snacks | — | — | |||
| cs | dacsa | — | — | ||||
| ct | initially | /t/ | ctònic | — | — | ||
| medially | /kt/ | acte | — | — | |||
| cz | before e, i | /gz/[g] | èczema | — | — | ||
| d | initially and medially | /d/ | dolç, cada | /t/ | Dalian | ||
| finally | /t/ | sord | Ø | /t/ | rotund | ||
| dd | /dː/ | adduir | — | — | |||
| dg | before e, i | /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | pidgin | /t͡ʃ/[h] | bridge | |
| elsewhere | /dɡ/[i] | Edgar | — | — | |||
| dh | /d/ | adhesiu | — | — | |||
| dj | /d͡ʒ/ | Django | — | — | |||
| /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | adjunt | — | — | |||
| dm | /dm/[j] | cadmi | — | — | |||
| dn | /dn/[k] | adnat | — | — | |||
| ds | /t͡s/[c] | adscriure | — | — | |||
| dv | /db/[l] | /dv/[m] | ludvígia | — | — | ||
| f | medially before a voiced cons. | /v/ | hafni | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /f/ | fars | — | — | |||
| ff (in loanwords) | /fː/ | affidavit | /f/ | office | |||
| fh | /f/ | sulfhídric | — | — | |||
| g | before e, i | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | gens | /ʃ/[n] | collage | |
| /ɡ/ | bagel | ||||||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /ɡ/ | gana, àgab | /k/ | Gansu | |||
| medially before a lateral | /ɡː/ | /ɡ/ | regla | — | — | ||
| medially and finally after i (see ig) | /t͡ʃ/ | mig | /ɡ/ | amígdala | |||
| /d͡ʒ/ | migdia | ||||||
| finally | /k/ | reg | Ø | /k/ | sang | ||
| gg[2] | before e, i | /ʒː/ | /d͡ʒ/ | suggerir | — | — | |
| elsewhere | /ɡː/[o] | burggravi | /ɡ/ | ziggurat | |||
| gh (in loanwords) | /ɡ/ | oghuz | — | — | |||
| ght (in loanwords) | /t/ | light | — | — | |||
| gm | /ŋm/[p] | estigma | — | — | |||
| gn | initially | /n/ | gnom | — | — | ||
| medially | /ŋn/[q] | cigne | /ɲ/ | cognac | |||
| gs | /ks/ | regs | — | — | |||
| /t͡ʃ/[r] | migs | — | — | ||||
| h | Ø | hivern | /h/ | hàmster | |||
| j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /ʒ/ | /j/ | ja | |
| /j/ | Jotti | ||||||
| /x/ | jota (d.) | ||||||
| /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Rijkov | |||||
| k (in loanwords) | /k/ | kiwi | Ø | knock-out | |||
| kh (in loanwords) | /x/ | abkhaz | /k/ | kha | |||
| ks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | quarks | — | — | |||
| l | /l/ | laca | /l/ | Ø | altre | ||
| ł (in loanwords) | /w/ | Wojtyła | — | — | |||
| ll[1] | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /ʎ/ | /l/ | estrel(l)a | ||
| /l/ | ballet | ||||||
| /lː/ | allegro | ||||||
| ŀl[1] | /lː/ | ceŀla | — | — | |||
| lh | /l/ | alhora | /lh/ | coolhunter | |||
| /ʎ/ | Vielha | ||||||
| lj | /ʎʒ/ | /ʎd͡ʒ/ | aljub | Ljubljana | |||
| m | initially and finally | /m/ | mut, em | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | nimfa, tramvia (Va.) | — | — | |||
| mm[1] | /mː/ | immens | — | — | |||
| mn | initially | /n/ | mnemòtic | — | — | ||
| medially | /mn/ | somni | — | — | |||
| Mc (in loanwords) | /mək/ | /mak/ | McCain | — | — | ||
| mh | /m/ | amhàric | — | — | |||
| n | initially and finally | /n/ | nou, ens | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | ínfim, canvi (Va.) | — | — | |||
| before a labial cons. | /m/ | benparlat | — | — | |||
| before a palatal cons. | /ɲ/ | menja, àngel | — | — | |||
| before a velar cons. | /ŋ/ | vincle, fang | — | — | |||
| nn[1] | /nː/ | innat | /n/ | sonne | |||
| ng (in loanwords) | /ŋ/ | víking | — | — | |||
| nh | /n/ | anhel | /nh/ | skinhead | |||
| /ɲ/ | caipirinha | ||||||
| nj | /ɲʒ/ | /ɲd͡ʒ/ | penjar | oranje | |||
| nm | /mː/ | enmig | — | — | |||
| ny[1] | /ɲ/ | any | — | — | |||
| ñ (in loanwords) | El Niño | — | — | ||||
| p | initially and finally | /p/ | pont, cup | Ø | /p/ | camp | |
| before a voiced cons. | /b/ | capgròs | — | — | |||
| before a nasal | /mː/[a] | /b/ | capmàs | — | — | ||
| pp | /pː/ | proppassat | /p/ | hippy | |||
| ph (in compounds and classical terms) | /p/ | caphuitada (Va.) | /f/ | pholis | |||
| pn | initially | /n/ | pneuma | — | — | ||
| medially | /bn/[s] | apnea | — | — | |||
| ps | initially | /s/ | psicòleg | — | — | ||
| medially | /ps/ | capsa | — | — | |||
| pt | initially | /t/ | ptilosi | — | — | ||
| medially | /pt/ | apte | /t/ | comptar | |||
| q (see qu) | /k/ | Qatar | /t͡ʃ/ | Qinghai | |||
| r | initially | /r/ | ratolí | — | — | ||
| medially after l, n, s | folro | — | — | ||||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɾ/ | però | /r/ | infraroig | |||
| Ø[t] | prendre | ||||||
| finally | mar | Ø | Ø | dimarts | |||
| /ɾ/ | córrer | ||||||
| rr[1] | /r/ | marró | — | — | |||
| rh | initially | rhodesià | — | — | |||
| medially | /ɾ/ | superhome | /ɾh/ | dírham | |||
| s | initially | /s/ | sac | /z/ | Saarland (Ge.) | ||
| medially next to a cons. | estimar | esma | |||||
| after a nasal | institut | trànsit | |||||
| most cases between two vowels | /z/ | rosa | /s/ | contrasenya | |||
| finally | /s/ | dins, repòs | /ʃ/ | ells | |||
| ss[1] | rossa | — | — | ||||
| sc[1] | before e, i | ascens | /ʃ/ | crescendo | |||
| elsewhere | /sk/ | escriure | /ʃk/[u] | visca | |||
| -scs | /sks/[v] | boscs | — | — | |||
| sch (in loanwords) | /sk/[w] | scherzo | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | jiddisch | — | — | ||||
| sh (in compounds and loanwords) | /z/ | deshora | /ʃ/ | sushi | |||
| /ʒ/[x] | flashback | ||||||
| -st | /st/ | est | /t/ | /st/ | aquest | ||
| -sts | /sts/[y] | gusts | /ts/[y] | /sts/[y] | aquests | ||
| sx | /(s)ʃ/ | /st͡ʃ/[z] | desxifrat | — | — | ||
| sz (in loanwords) | /s/ | Szolnok | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | Tomasz | — | — | ||||
| szcz (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/[aa] | Szczecin | — | — | |||
| t | initially and medially | /t/ | tamís | — | — | ||
| finally | sort | Ø | /t/ | font | |||
| tt | /tː/ | posttònic | /t/ | dittografia | |||
| tb (in loanwords) | /db/[ab] | futbol | — | — | |||
| tg[1] | before e, i | /d͡ʒ/ | fetge | — | — | ||
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | tothom | /θ/ | theta | |||
| /ð/ | The Times | ||||||
| /th/ | apartheid | ||||||
| ti | /ti/ | ties | /ʃ/ | National Mall (En.) | |||
| tj[1] | /d͡ʒ/ | mitjà | — | — | |||
| tl[1] | — | /lː/ | vetl(l)a | /dl/[ac] | atles | ||
| tll[1] | /ʎː/ | — | /ʎː/ | /ʎ/ | bitllet | ||
| tm[1] | initially | /m/ | tmesi | — | — | ||
| medially | /mː/[ad] | sotmetre | /dm/[j] | ritme | |||
| tn[1] | /nː/ | cotna | /dn/[k] | ètnic | |||
| tch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | sketch | — | — | |||
| tsch (in loanwords) | kitsch | — | — | ||||
| ts | initially | /t͡s/[ae] | tsar | — | — | ||
| medially and finally | potser, bits | — | — | ||||
| tx[1] | /t͡ʃ/ | cotxe | — | — | |||
| tz[1] | /d͡z/ | dotze | /d͡z/ | /z/ | utilitzar | ||
| /t͡s/ | hertz | — | — | ||||
| tzsch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | nitzscheà | — | — | |||
| v | initially and medially | /b/[af] | /v/[ag] | vila | /f/ | von (Ge.) | |
| finally | /p/[ah] | /f/[ai] | salv | Kíev | |||
| w (in loanwords) | /w/ | western | /b/[af] | /v/[ag] | watt | ||
| /f/ | Bukowski | ||||||
| wh (in loanwords) | whisky | /h/ | The Who | ||||
| x | initially | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | xiular | /ʃ/ | Xàtiva | |
| next to a voiceless cons. | /ks/ | expert | — | — | |||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɡz/ | examen | /ks/ | fixar | |||
| medially and finally after i (see ix) | /ʃ/ | guix | mix | ||||
| /ʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| finally | /ks/ | índex | — | — | |||
| xc | before e, i | excel·lent | — | — | |||
| elsewhere | /(k)sk/ | excavar | — | — | |||
| xh | /gz/ | exhaust | — | — | |||
| xs | /ks/ | exsudar | — | — | |||
| -xt | /(k)st/ | mixt | — | — | |||
| -xts | /(k)sts/[aj] | texts | — | — | |||
| y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | /j/ | yuppie | — | — | |||
| /i/ | husky | /ai̯/ | bypass | ||||
| yy (in loanwords) | /j/ | Hudaybiyya | — | — | |||
| z | most cases | /z/ | zona | /d͡z/ | scherzo | ||
| /t͡s/ | Zemin | ||||||
| finally | /s/ | brunz | /θ/[ak] | López | |||
| zz (in loanwords) | /d͡z/ | mezzo | /z/ | jacuzzi | |||
| /t͡s/ | pizza | /s/ | jazz | ||||
| zh (in loanwords) | /z/ | alzhèimer | /d͡ʒ/ | Zhou | |||
| Vowels and combinations of vowel letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| a, à, â | stressed position | /a/ | /a/ | arc, àtom, pâ (Va.) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | lady |
| /ɔ/ | yacht | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | anís, mitja | /a/ | allegretto | |||
| /ə/ | /ɛ ~ ɔ/ | terra, dona | |||||
| /e/ | artista (m.) | ||||||
| Ø | mitja hora | ||||||
| /o/ | Quartet (En.) | ||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) |
Ø | barana | /e/ | software | |||
| /eə/ | /ea/ | Square | |||||
| ä (in loanwords) | /ɛ/ | Händel | — | — | |||
| aa | stressed position | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | Isaac | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /əː/ | /aː/ | aalenià | — | — | ||
| ae | stressed position (open) | /əˈɛ/ | /aˈɛ/ | aeri | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | graella | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /i/ | reggae | ||
| /ə/ | /e/ | Michael | |||||
| /ai̯/[al] | taekwondo | ||||||
| aé | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | tacaé | — | — | ||
| ai | stressed position | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | aigua | /e/ | affaire | |
| /ei̯/ | container | ||||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | airós | — | — | |||
| aï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | raïm | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /a.i/ | aïllat | — | — | ||
| aí | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | país | — | — | ||
| ao | /au/ | /ao/ | caos | — | — | ||
| /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | graons | — | — | |||
| aó | raó | — | — | ||||
| au | stressed position | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | caus | /o/ | Foucault | |
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | haurà | Faubourg | ||||
| aü | stressed position | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | taüt | /ɔi̯/ | fräulein | |
| unstressed position | /ə.u/ | /a.u/ | aüllar | — | — | ||
| aú | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | Esaú | — | — | ||
| e, é, è | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛ/ | dens, èxit | /ɛ/ | /e/ | alè/alé, què | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /e/ | ella, bé | |||||
| stressed position (closed) | — | — | /i/[am] | reggae | |||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /e/ | ídem | ||
| /ə/ | /a/ | espill | |||||
| /i/ | naixement | ||||||
| /i/ | reality | ||||||
| Ø | fanzines | ||||||
| no el té | |||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) |
Ø | /e/ | veritat | — | — | ||
| ea | stressed position | /eˈa/ | crear | /i/ | beat | ||
| /ɛ/ | spread | ||||||
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /ea/ | idea | /ɔ/ | Sean | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrea | /ə/ | /e/ | bearnesa | ||
| eà | /eˈa/ | oceà | — | — | |||
| eau (in loanwords) | /o/ | Rousseau | — | — | |||
| ee | stressed position | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | creença |
/i/ | jeep | |
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /eː/ | idees | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrees | — | — | |||
| /əː/ | reeixir | — | — | ||||
| ei | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛi̯/ | oleic | /ɛi̯/ | /ei̯/ | remei | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | reina | ||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | eivissenc | — | — | |||
| stressed position (in loanwords) | /ai̯/ | eingang | — | — | |||
| eï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | obeït | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /e.i/ | veïnat | — | — | ||
| èi | /ɛi̯/ | plèiade | — | — | |||
| eo | stressed position (open) | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | beoci | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈo/ | /eˈo/ | eons | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əu/ | /eo/ | teoria | /eo/ | vídeo | ||
| eò | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | eòlic | — | — | ||
| eu | stressed position (open) | /ɛu̯/ | peu | /ɔi̯/ | Bayreuth | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /eu̯/ | /eu̯/ | seu | /e/[an] | amateur | ||
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | europea | — | — | |||
| eü | /əˈu/ | /eˈu/ | peüc | — | — | ||
| i, í, ï | stressed position | /i/ | illa, ací | /ai̯/ | copyright | ||
| /ɛ/[ao][ap] | Rodin, birdie | ||||||
| unstressed position | Ø | business | |||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈi/ | naïf | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /i̯/ | creies | — | — | |||
| ia | stressed position | /i̯a/ | /i̯a/ | iaio | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | veia | — | — | |||
| ie | stressed position | /i̯e/ | /i̯e/ | veient (Cat.) | /i/ | briefing | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | feien | — | — | |||
| ii | /iː/ | xiisme | — | — | |||
| iï | /iˈi/ | xiïta | — | — | |||
| io | stressed position (open) | /i̯ɔ/ | iode | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /i̯o/ | /i̯o/ | io-io | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /i̯u/ | iogurt | — | — | |||
| iu | /i̯u/ | iuguslau | — | — | |||
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (open) | /ɔ/ | bo, allò | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /o/ | /o/ | mot, ós | /ou̯/ | pincode | ||
| /u/ | Guangdong | ||||||
| unstressed position | /u/ | ferro | /o/ | ego | |||
| /u/ | cobert | ||||||
| /u̯/ | posa-ho | ||||||
| /ə/ | /a/ | Ogariov | |||||
| oa | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | poal | /uˈa/ | Joan | |
| /ou̯/ | coach | ||||||
| /oə/ | /oa/ | quinoa | /o/ | snowboard | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | lloador | /uə/ | /ua/ | Joaquim | ||
| oe | stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈɛ/ | /oˈe/ | coet | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈe/ | poeta | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /oe/ | àloe | — | — | ||
| oi (see ix) | stressed position (open) | /ɔi̯/ | boira | /u̯a/ | foie | ||
| stressed position (closed) | — | /oi̯/ | coix | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /ui̯/ | joiós | /uə/ | /ua/ | croissant | ||
| oï | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | roïns | — | — | ||
| oo | /oː/ | zoo | /u/ | zoom | |||
| /uˈo/ | /oˈo/ | microones | — | — | |||
| ou | stressed position (open) | /ɔu̯/ | bou | /au̯/ | cloud | ||
| /ɔ/ | final four | ||||||
| stressed position (closed) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | sou (v.) | /u/ | tour | ||
| /w/ | ouija | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ɵu̯/[aq] | clourà | — | — | |||
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | tu, ús | /i/ | business | ||
| /y/[ar] | déjà vu, Müller | ||||||
| /a/ | punk | ||||||
| /iu̯/ | duty-free | ||||||
| /ɛ/[ap] | return | ||||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈu/ | reüll | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /u̯/ | creua | — | — | |||
| ua | stressed position | /uˈa/ | suat | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ua/ | cua | — | — | ||
| ue | stressed position (open) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈɛ/ | duel | /u/ | blues | |
| /y/[ar] | fondue | ||||||
| stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈe/ | fuet | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ue/ | duen | — | — | ||
| ui | /ui̯/ | /ui̯/ (in. /u̯i/) |
buit | /u̯ei̯/ | Anhui | ||
| uï | /uˈi/ | fluït | — | — | |||
| uo | stressed position (open) | /uˈɔ/ | cuot | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈo/ | suor | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uː/ | — | suo | /uo/ | duo | ||
| uu | /uː/ | lluu | — | — | |||
| Combinations of vowel and consonant letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL | ||||
| aha | /əː/ | /aː/ | bahamià | /əha/ | /aha/ | Kalahari | |
| ahà | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | sahàric | — | — | ||
| ahe | /əe/ | /ae/ | sahelians | — | — | ||
| /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | subtrahend | — | — | |||
| ahi | /əi/ | /ai/ | Tahití | — | — | ||
| /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | ahir | — | — | |||
| ahí | tahírida | — | — | ||||
| aho | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | Mahoma | /aho/ | navaho | ||
| /əu/ | /ao/ | mahometà | — | — | |||
| ahò | /əˈɔ/ | /aˈɔ/ | mahònia | — | — | ||
| ahu | /əu/ | /au/ | infrahumans | — | — | ||
| aw (in loanwords) | /ɔ/ | Law | — | — | |||
| ay (old form and loanwords) | /ai̯/ | faraday | /ɛ/ | /e/ | Quai d'Orsay | ||
| /ei̯/ | play | — | — | ||||
| ci (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | ciao | — | — | |||
| cci (in loanwords) | carpaccio | — | — | ||||
| cqu (in loanwords) | /k/ | jacquard | — | — | |||
| dqu | before e, i | /tk/[as] | adquirir | — | — | ||
| eha | /eə/ | /ea/ | rehabilitar | — | — | ||
| ehe | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | aprehendre | — | — | ||
| /əː/ | /eː/ | vehement | — | — | |||
| ehi | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | vehicle | — | — | ||
| /əi/ | /ei/ | dehiscent | — | — | |||
| ehí | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | aldehídic | — | — | ||
| eho | /əu/ | /eo/ | prehomínids | — | — | ||
| ehu | /eu/ | sobrehumà | — | — | |||
| ew (in loanwords) | /iu̯/ | newton | /u/ | crew | |||
| ey (old form and loanwords) | /ei̯/ | keynesià | /i/ | bogey | |||
| gi (in loanwords) | /d͡ʒ/ | adagio | — | — | |||
| ggi (in loanwords) | appoggiatura | — | — | ||||
| gu[1] | before a, o | /ɡw/ | guant | — | — | ||
| before a cons. | /ɡu/ | agut | — | — | |||
| before e, i | /ɡ/ | guitza | — | — | |||
| gü | /ɡw/ | pingüí | — | — | |||
| iha | /iə/ | /ia/ | polihalita | /iha/ | jihad | ||
| ihe | /iˈɛ/ | periheli | — | — | |||
| /iə/ | /ie/ | antiheroi | — | — | |||
| ihè | /iɛ/ | dihèlia | — | — | |||
| ihi | /iː/ | anihilar | — | — | |||
| ihí | /iˈi/ | polihídric | — | — | |||
| iho | /iu/ | /io/ | antihorari | — | — | ||
| ihu | /iu/ | antihumitat | /iu̯/ | marihuana | |||
| ig[1] | finally | /t͡ʃ/ | reig | — | — | ||
| /it͡ʃ/ | mig | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /d͡ʒ/ | reig blanc | — | — | |||
| /id͡ʒ/ | migdia | — | — | ||||
| igs | /t͡ʃ/[at] | reigs | — | — | |||
| /it͡ʃ/[r] | migs | — | — | ||||
| ix[1] | finally | /ʃ/ | /i̯ʃ/ | coix | — | — | |
| /iʃ/ | guix | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /ʒ/ | /i̯ʒ/ | coix i cec | — | — | ||
| /iʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| ïx | finally | /iʃ/ | reïx | — | — | ||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /iʒ/ | reïx bé | — | — | |||
| le (in loanwords) | /əl/ | /el/ | paddle surf | — | — | ||
| oha | /uə/ | /oa/ | cohabitar | — | — | ||
| ohà | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | bohàiric | — | — | ||
| ohe | /uə/ | /oe/ | cohesió | — | — | ||
| ohè | /uɛ/ | /oɛ/ | bohèmia | — | — | ||
| ohi | /ui/ | /oi/ | prohibir | — | — | ||
| ohí | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | microhílids | — | — | ||
| oho | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | cohort | — | — | ||
| /uː/ | /oː/ | cohobació | — | — | |||
| ohò | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | alcohòlic | — | — | ||
| ohu | /uː/ | /ou/ | argiŀlohumífer | — | — | ||
| ow (in loanwords) | /ou̯/ | flow | — | — | |||
| /au̯/ | cowboy | — | — | ||||
| oy (old form and loanwords) | /ɔi̯/ | Roy | /u̯a/ | Troyes | |||
| qu[1] | before a, o | /kw/ | quan | — | — | ||
| before e, i | /k/ | quina | — | — | |||
| qü | /kw/ | qüestió | — | — | |||
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b (or /b+m/, /p+m/: /bm/)
- ^ (or /b+n/: /bn/)
- ^ a b (or simply /s/)
- ^ (or /bv/)
- ^ (or /bː/)
- ^ (or /ɡ/)
- ^ (or /ks/, in Valencian)
- ^ (or /dʒ/)
- ^ (or /ɡ/, after a nasal: /ŋɡ/)
- ^ a b (or /mː/)
- ^ a b (or /nː/)
- ^ (or /dv/)
- ^ (or /db/)
- ^ (or /ʒ/)
- ^ (or simply /ɡ/, in Valencian)
- ^ (or /ɡm/)
- ^ (or /ɡn/)
- ^ a b (it varies with /-d͡ʒus/ and /-d͡ʒos/ (mitjos))
- ^ (or /nː/)
- ^ (or /r/)
- ^ (or /sk/)
- ^ (it varies with /-skus/ and /-skos/ (boscos))
- ^ (or /esk/ in loanwords with initial s+consonant)
- ^ (or /ʃ/)
- ^ a b c (it varies with /-stus/ and /-stos/ (gustos, aquestos))
- ^ (or /(s)ʃ/)
- ^ (or /ʃt͡ʃ/)
- ^ (or /bː/)
- ^ (or /lː/)
- ^ (or simply /m/, in Valencian)
- ^ (or initially /s/)
- ^ a b (or /v/)
- ^ a b (or /b/)
- ^ (or /f/)
- ^ (or /p/)
- ^ (it varies with /-(k)stus/ and /-(k)stos/ (textos))
- ^ (or /s/)
- ^ (or /ae/)
- ^ (or /ɛ/)
- ^ (it corresponds to French /œ/)
- ^ (it corresponds to French /ɛ̃/)
- ^ a b (it corresponds to English /ɜː/)
- ^ (/əu̯/, /ou̯/ or /u/)
- ^ a b (usually replaced with /i/ or /u/)
- ^ (or /kː/)
- ^ (it varies with /-(d͡)ʒus/ (lletjos with /d͡ʒ/, but rejos with /ʒ/) and /-d͡ʒos/ (both lletjos and rejos with /d͡ʒ/))
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Ortografia". Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). pp. 37–46.
- ^ "Dictamen, llistat 27 (grup gg)" (PDF). La veu de les ones | Butlletí electrònic de la plataforma reSOLC-mitjansCAT. Laboratori de Tecnologies Lingüístiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
Bibliography
[edit]- Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- Guia d'usos lingüístics. Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana. 2002.
- Ortografia catalana. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- Diccionari normatiu valencià. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Editorial Moll.
- "Ús d'estrangerismes. Llibre d'estil". Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
- "ésAdir". Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals. Generalitat de Catalunya.
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