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Epistles of Wisdom

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The Epistles of Wisdom
رَسَائِل ٱلْحِكْمَة
Rasāʾil al-Ḥikma
Information
ReligionDruze
AuthorHamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
Isma'il ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi
Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
LanguageArabic
Periodc. 1017 – c. 1043
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The Epistles of Wisdom (Arabic: رَسَائِل ٱلْحِكْمَة, romanized: Rasāʾil al-Ḥikma) is a corpus of sacred texts and pastoral letters by teachers of the Druze faith native to the Levant, which has currently close to a million practitioners.[1] The text revolves around the acknowledgement and worship of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah as the last and definite incarnation of the One God, a belief which Druze define as 'Monotheism' (Arabic: Tawhid).[2][3][4][5]

The Druze canon

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The full Druze canon or Druze scripture includes the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Quran and philosophical works by Plato and those influenced by Socrates among works from other religions and philosophers.[6] The Druze claim that an understanding of these is necessary, but that their al-ʻUqqāl (عقال), ("the Knowledgeable Initiates") have access to writings of their own that supersede these.[7][8]

The Epistles of Wisdom are also referred to as the Kitab al-Hikma (Book of Wisdom) and al-Hikma al-Sharifa. Other ancient Druze writings include the Rasa'il al-Hind (Epistles of India) and the previously lost (or hidden) manuscripts such as al-Munfarid bi-Dhatihi and al-Sharia al-Ruhaniyya as well as others including didactic and polemic treatises.[9]

Druze manuscripts are generally written in a language, grammar, and diction that to the uninitiated is hard to understand and includes ambiguous words and highly obscure and cryptic phrases, in addition to the extensive usage of symbology and numerology in much of the writings.

The Druze religious establishment's interpretation of taqiyya (تقیة) and the esoteric nature of the faith led to the restriction of access, inquiry and investigation from even their own uninitiated Druze known as al-Juhhāl (جهال) ("the Ignorant") or jismaniyeen ("the Material Ones"). Such restrictions aimed to prevent possible damage to the individual and community if the writings were interpreted incorrectly, since the study of the Epistles of Wisdom is better accompanied by commentary texts and guidance from the higher ranking Druze Uqqal ("Knowledgeable Ones").

Description

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The Epistles of Wisdom were written in the Arabic language and contain one hundred eleven epistles in total. They are organised into six books first compiled by one of the greatest Druze sages Abd Allah al-Tanukhi in 1479 AD.[1] According to oral traditions there were originally twenty-four books. Eighteen are reasonably assumed to have been lost, hidden or destroyed. Epistle number six is dated earliest and was written in July 1017 AD by Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and he is specifically mentioned as the author of thirty more epistles in the first two books. Epistles 109 and 110 are dated latest, written by al-Muqtana Baha'uddin in 1042 AD. Epistles 36 to 40 are attributed to Isma'il al-Tamimi ibn Muhammad. The first epistle opens with the goodbye message from al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the embodied deity in the Druze faith. He details his efforts to assist his people's welfare and peace and urges them to remain upright.[10] It is believed by the Druze from interpretation of the epistles that al-Hakim did not die, but merely withdrew into occultation and will return one day and reveal the Druze wisdom to the world in order to inaugurate a golden age.[11]

Contents

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The epistles contain philosophical discourses about Neoplatonic and Gnostic subjects, Ptolemaic cosmology, Arabic paraphrases of the philosophies of Farabi, Plotinus and Proclus, writings on the Universal Soul along with several polemic epistles concerning other faiths and philosophies that were present during that time and towards individuals who were considered renegades or those who tried to distort and tarnish the reputation of the faith and its teachings such as the "Answering the Nusayri" epistle and the fifth volume of the Epistles. Most of the Epistles are written in a post-classical language, often showing similarities to Arab Christian authors.[12][13]

The texts provide insight into Druze beliefs about the incorporation of the Universal Intellect and the soul of the world in 11th century Egypt, when the deity showed itself to men through Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim and his doctrines. These display a notable form of Arabic Neoplatonism blended with Ismailism and adopted Christian elements of great interest for the philosophy and history of religions.[2]

Translations

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A Syrian physician gave one of the first Druze manuscripts to Louis XIV in 1700, which is now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Local disturbances such as the invasion of Ibrahim Pasha between 1831 and 1838, along with the 1860 Lebanon conflict caused some of these texts to fall into the hands of academics. Other original manuscripts are held in the Robert Garrett collection at Princeton University.[14] The first French translation was published in 1838 by linguist and orientalist Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de Sacy in Exposé de la religion des Druzes.[15][16]

Another edition of the Rasa'il al-hikma was published by pseudonymous writers in Lebanon in 1986 as part of the highly controversial "The Hard Truth" series which included several anti-Druze, anti-Alawite and anti-Islamic books and was banned by the authorities for containing misleading information and hate speech, also an unpublished dissertation by David Bryer was prepared on the first two volumes.[7] A French translation and critical examination of these first two volumes (epistles one to forty) from the Epistles of Wisdom was published in 2007 by Daniel de Smet who has provided a doctrinal introduction, notes, a description and inventory of the manuscripts and studies of their contents and characteristics.[2]

Quotes

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On the concept of God, Hamza ibn Ali wrote

If human minds would be given the knowledge of God without any familiarization and gradation, those human minds would swoon and fall down.[17]

...the originator of the perfect Aql. He virtually bound within it all the created beings, so that nothing might be outside of it.[18]

On the concept of reincarnation and the universal soul, Baha'uddin wrote

O you who are distracted, how can he who is devoid of his corporeal means obtain knowledge?
O you who are heedless, how can he who abandoned his sensual faculty reach ignorance?
And O you who are perplexed, how can the souls exist by themselves?
And how can they settle in their origin, and yet have a life and procure their pleasures?[19]

On the concept of atheism, Baha'uddin argued

Believing in the non-existence negates existence as such. It is a way that leads to unbelief, atheism, and denial.[20]

Regarding the secrecy of the epistles of wisdom, Hamza ibn Ali wrote

Protect divine knowledge from those who do not deserve it and do not withhold it from those who are deserving.
He who withholds divine knowledge from those who are worthy of it, will indeed desecrate what he has been entrusted with and will commit sacrilege against his religion;
and the conviction of him who divulges it to those who are not deserving will be diverted from following the truth.
Scripture must therefore be protected from those who do not deserve it.[21]

However he did remark

Protect yourselves from ignorance with the help of the knowledge of the unity of our Lord...[22]

With regards the unity of God and how to remain in a state of peace of mind and contentment (rida (Arabic: رضا)) and find knowledge of true love, Hamza ibn Ali left the message

I enjoin you to safeguard your fellow men. In safeguarding them your faith reaches perfection.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b Torki (1995). Studia islamica. Maisonneuve & Larose. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-2-7068-1187-6. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b c D. De Smet; Ismāʻīl Tamīmī; Ḥamzah ibn ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad (2007). Les Epitres Sacrees Des Druzes Rasa'il Al-hikma: Introduction, Edition Critique Et Traduction Annotee Des Traites Attribues a Hamza B. 'ali Et Isma'il At-tamimi. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1943-3. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  3. ^ Halim, Fachrizal (2022), "Ritual Practices among the ʿAlawis, the Druze, the Ahmadis, and Black Muslims", Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003044659-14/ritual-practices-among-%CA%BFalawis-druze-ahmadis-black-muslims-fachrizal-halim, ISBN 978-1-003-04465-9, retrieved 2023-10-04
  4. ^ Dana, N. (2010). The'Banu Ma'ruf'of the Levant–Druze Identity and Religion.
  5. ^ Monaghan, Sean (2006-04-01). "The Druze in the Middle East". American Journal of Islam and Society. 23 (2): 121–123. doi:10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1633. ISSN 2690-3741.
  6. ^ Mordechai Nisan (2002). Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression. McFarland. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  7. ^ a b Me'ir Mikha'el Bar-Asher; Gauke de Kootstra; Arieh Kofsky (2002). The Nuṣayr−i-ʻalaw−i Religion: An Enquiry Into Its Theology and Liturgy. BRILL. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  8. ^ Mircea Eliade; Charles J. Adams (1987). The Encyclopedia of religion. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-909730-4. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  9. ^ Grolier Incorporated (1996). The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. ISBN 9780717201303. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  10. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). The Druzes: a new study of their history, faith, and society. BRILL. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-90-04-09705-6. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica; inc (2003). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-961-6. Retrieved 17 March 2011. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ Me'ir Mikha'el Bar-Asher; Gauke de Kootstra; Arieh Kofsky (2002). The Nuṣayr−i-ʻalaw−i Religion: An Enquiry Into Its Theology and Liturgy. BRILL. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  13. ^ Conférences de M. Daniel De Smet., Université Catholique de Louvain, p.149, 2008.
  14. ^ Hitti, Philip K., Origins of the Druze People and Religion, CHAPTER V, DRUZE THEOLOGY AND ITS SOURCES, 1928.
  15. ^ Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de Sacy, Exposé de la Religion des Druzes (Paris, 1838; republ. Amsterdam, 1964)
  16. ^ Traboulsi, Samer., Journal of the American Oriental Society, Article, Les Epitres sacrees des Druzes: Rasa il al-Hikma, volumes 1 et 2, July-Sept, 2009.
  17. ^ Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p. 61 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 35. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  18. ^ Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p.44 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 30. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  19. ^ al-Muqtana Baha'uddin from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith pp. 54-55 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 75. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  20. ^ al-Muqtana Baha'uddin from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p. 102 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 61. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  21. ^ Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p. 100 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 33. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  22. ^ Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p. 101 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 6. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  23. ^ Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad from Sāmī Nasīb Makārim (1974). The Druze faith p. 99 from the Epistles of Wisdom - Epistle 33. Caravan Books. ISBN 978-0-88206-003-3. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
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