iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



Link to original content: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara_DW12
Dallara DW12 - Wikipedia Jump to content

Dallara DW12

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dallara DW12
CategoryIndyCar Series
ConstructorDallara
Designer(s)Tony Cotman
Luca Pignacca
Sam Garrett
Andrea Toso
PredecessorDallara IR-05
SuccessorDallara IR-27
Technical specifications[1]
ChassisCarbon fiber monocoque with honeycomb kevlar structure
Suspension (front)Double A-arm, pushrod, with third spring and anti-roll bar
Suspension (rear)As front
Length201.7 in (5,123 mm) on road/street course, short ovals; 197.33 in (5,012 mm) on 1.5-mile intermediate ovals, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500 (Mk. III)
Width75.5 in (1,918 mm) minimum (Road/Street), 75.75 in (1,924 mm) minimum (Ovals), 76.5 in (1,943 mm) maximum (measured outside rim to rim)
Height40 in (1,016 mm)
Axle trackMax. 76.3 in (1,938 mm)
Wheelbase117.5–121.5 in (2,984–3,086 mm) adjustable
EngineChevrolet Indy V6 (2012-present), Honda HI24TT (2012-present) and Lotus Indy V6 (2012) 2.2 L (134 cu in) V6 90° with 4-stroke piston Otto cycle with efficient combustion process and greater emission engine burning single (Honda in 2012-2013)/twin-turbocharged (supplied by BorgWarner), mid-engined, longitudinally-mounted
TransmissionXtrac #1011 6-speed AGS (Assisted Gearchange System)[2] sequential semi-automatic paddle-shift + 1 reverse
BatteryBraille ML7Ti 12 volts
Power575 hp (429 kW) on speedways, 625 hp (466 kW) on 1.5-mile ovals, 675 hp (503 kW) on short ovals and road/street courses + 60 hp (45 kW) on push-to-pass
Weight1,650 lb (748 kg) on 1.5-mile speedways, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500; 1,680 lb (762 kg) on short ovals; 1,690 lb (767 kg) road and street courses (including additional of aeroscreen)[3]
FuelE85 (85% ethanol + 15% gasoline) (2012-2022):
Sunoco (2012-2018)
Speedway (2019-2022)
100% renewable E85 (85% ethanol + 15% biofuel):
Shell (2023-)[4]
LubricantsPennzoil (rest of IndyCar Series teams), Ridgeline Lubricants (Chip Ganassi Racing) and Lucas Oil (Arrow McLaren)
BrakesBrembo (2012-2016) later PFC (2017-present) carbon discs and pads. Brembo (2012-2017) later PFC ZR90 (2018-present) 4-piston (all oval races)/6-piston (road/street course races) calipers
TyresFirestone Firehawk dry slick and treaded wet tires
O.Z. Racing and BBS wheels
ClutchAP Racing CP8153-DE03-SN 3-plate carbon with steel housing
Competition history
Notable entrantsAll IndyCar Series Teams
Notable driversAll IndyCar Series Drivers
Debut2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

The Dallara DW12 (formally named the Dallara IR-12) is an open-wheel formula racing car developed and produced by Italian manufacturer Dallara for use in the IndyCar Series. It replaced the aging Dallara IR-05 chassis in the 2012 IndyCar Series season and is to be used through the 2026 season, after which it is to be replaced by the planned Dallara IR-27.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Since 2012, all IndyCar races are contested with cars built on a common chassis supplied by Dallara,[11] keeping costs to the fixed $349,000 per chassis negotiated by the IndyCar organization.[12] The new specification of chassis also adds safety features, the most prominent being a partial enclosure around the rear wheels. Since 2015, Honda and Chevrolet have offered alternatives to the Dallara aerodynamic kit for the chassis.[13]

The chassis is named after Dan Wheldon, who was the car's test driver, and who was killed at Las Vegas Motor Speedway on October 16, 2011, the final race of the previous IR-05.[14] The new front section is designed to prevent similar single-seater crashes such as the one that killed Wheldon.[15] The nomenclature recalls that of the old Formula One team Ligier, whose cars were labeled JSxx after French F1 driver Jo Schlesser, who died in the 1968 French Grand Prix.

Dallara DW12 is currently the longest-serving IndyCar Series car chassis to date despite three different aero kit variants.

The ICONIC Project

[edit]

The 2012 season saw the implementation of the Indy Racing League's new ICONIC Plan (Innovative, Competitive, Open-wheel, New, Industry-relevant, Cost-effective), the biggest change to the sport in recent history. The car used through 2011, a 2003/2007-model Dallara IR-05, and naturally aspirated V8 engines (required since 1997) were permanently retired. The ICONIC committee was composed of experts and executives from racing and technical fields: Randy Bernard (INDYCAR CEO), William R. Looney III (military), Brian Barnhart (INDYCAR), Gil de Ferran (retired Indy 500 champion), Tony Purnell (motorsport), Eddie Gossage (Texas Motor Speedway), Neil Ressler, Tony Cotman (NZR Track Consulting) and Rick Long (motorsport).[16] IndyCar accepted proposals from BAT Engineering, Dallara, DeltaWing, Lola and Swift for chassis design.[17] On July 14, 2010, the final decision was made public, with organisers accepting the Dallara proposal.[17]

New chassis

[edit]

Under the new ICONIC regulations, all teams will compete with a core rolling chassis, called the "IndyCar Safety Cell",[17] developed by Italian designer Dallara. Teams will then outfit the chassis with separate body work, referred to as "Aero Kits", which consist of front and rear wings, sidepods, and engine cowlings.[17] Development of Aero Kits is open to any manufacturer, with all packages to be made available to all teams for a maximum price. ICONIC committee member Tony Purnell gave an open invitation to car manufacturers and companies such as Lockheed Martin and GE to develop kits.[18]

The IndyCar Safety Cell will be capped at a price of $349,000[19] and will be assembled at a new Dallara facility in Speedway, Indiana. Aero Kits will be capped at $70,000.[19] Teams have the option of buying a complete Dallara safety cell/aero kit for a discounted price.[19]

On May 12, 2011, Dallara unveiled the first concept cars, one apiece in oval and road course Aero Kit configuration.[20]

On April 30, 2011, IndyCar owners voted 15–0 to reject the introduction of multiple Aero Kits for the 2012 season, citing costs.[21] Owners expressed their desire to introduce the new chassis/engines for 2012, but have all participants use the Dallara aerodynamic package in 2012, and delay the introduction of multiple aero kits until 2013. On August 14, 2011, IndyCar confirmed that the introduction of multiple Aero Kits would be delayed until 2013 for "economic reasons",[22] and furthermore, it was put off for 2013 as well. Chevrolet and Lotus had already announced their intention to build aero kits.[23][24][25][26]

2011 Indianapolis 500 winner Dan Wheldon carried out the first official test of the Dallara chassis at Mid-Ohio in August 2011.[27] Following Wheldon's death at the season-ending race in Las Vegas, Dallara announced that the 2012 chassis would be named the DW12 in his honor.[28][29]

Dallara aero kit (2012–2014)

[edit]
#20 Ed Carpenter Racing at the 2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, with the original Road Course DW12 aero kit

The first official test of the Dallara IR-12 chassis was carried out by Dan Wheldon at Mid-Ohio on August 8, 2011.[27][30] Phase I of testing involved Wheldon, and was planned to involve three road courses and three ovals, over a total of about twelve days. The second test was held August 18 at Barber,[31] and the third was held on the USGP road course at Indianapolis on September 1.[32] Oval tests took place in September at Iowa[33] and Indianapolis.[34]

Honda (Scott Dixon) and Chevrolet (Will Power) began Phase II of on-track testing at Mid-Ohio in early October.[35] A scheduled test at Las Vegas was cancelled after Wheldon lost his life in the 2011 race held at the track, resulting in Dallara renaming the chassis, a practice adopted from Ligier, which named its race cars "JS" for Jo Schlesser. Testing resumed in late October and continued through February at several venues including Sebring,[36] Fontana,[37] Homestead,[38] Phoenix,[39] and Sonoma.[40] Lotus first took to the track on January 12 at Palm Beach,[41] and testing by individual teams began on January 16.[42]

A full-field official open test took place on March 5–6 and 8–9, 2012 at Sebring International Raceway.[43]

The Dallara DW12's race debut was at the 2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 25, 2012. Team Penske's Will Power won the inaugural pole and Hélio Castroneves won the first race with the DW12.

Full-field oval open tests also took place on April 4, 2012, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway[44] and May 7, 2012, at Texas Motor Speedway.[45]

The car's Indianapolis debut came in the 2012 Indianapolis 500. In its first three 500s the car saw 136 lead changes, including a track-record 68 in 2013.

Manufacturer aero kits (2015–2017)

[edit]
2015 Chevrolet Road Course Aero kit, seen on the #20 Ed Carpenter Racing
2015 Honda Road Course Aero kit, seen on the #15 Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing

For the 2015 season, the universal aero kit provided by Dallara was retired, and replaced with individual manufacturer's aero kits.[46][47] Honda and Chevrolet introduced their own in-house designed aero kits, in partnership with Wirth Research (Honda[48]) and Pratt & Miller (Chevrolet[49]), respectively.

The first official test of Chevrolet's aero kit was conducted at COTA by Will Power on October 17, 2014, followed by preseason testing at NOLA on March 14, 2015. The manufacturer's aero kits race debut was at the 2015 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 29, 2015. Team Penske's Will Power won the inaugural pole and Juan Pablo Montoya won the first race with the DW12 Chevrolet aero kit.

In the first season of use, the Chevrolet aero kits had an edge over Honda, with Chevrolet teams winning all but six races during the season.[50] However, at Indianapolis, three Chevy entries experienced frightening flip-over crashes, prompting a delay in pole qualifying, tweaks to the qualifying rules, and a safety examination during the offseason.

Midway through the season, both manufacturers introduced updates to their aero kits, with Honda losing its front wing endplates on safety grounds, and Chevrolet introducing an additional winglet.[51]

In 2016, in response to the flipping incidents of Chevrolet-powered cars at the 2015 Indianapolis 500, domed skids were introduced.[52][53] Zylon bodywork tethers were also added to the cars, to prevent loose bodywork from leaving a car, and striking another competitor, following the death of Justin Wilson, who was struck by loose bodywork.[54] In addition, bodywork updates were issued by both manufacturers to their aerokits. Compared to the Chevrolet aero kit, the Honda kit saw numerous changes, with the front wing being altered from a stacked triple element, to a simpler dual element section, with a new endplate section introduced. In addition, new sidepods were introduced on the road course kit, while a new tyre ramp was introduced with it, and vents were added to the rear wing endplates.[55] The Chevrolet Aero Kit was less dominant, compared to the previous season.[56]

For the 2017 season, a developmental freeze was implemented, ahead of a planned introduction of a new universal aero kit for 2018.[57]

IR–18 Universal Aero Kit (UAK-18) (2018–2026)

[edit]
Tony Kanaan driving the first UAK (without cockpit protection) in 2018.
Max Chilton during the 2020 IndyCar Harvest GP; utilizing the Universal Aero Kit with the aeroscreen.

In March 2017, the IndyCar Series announced that the DW12 would receive a redesign and facelift of its aerodynamic system, with all cars running a universal aero kit starting in 2018. Named the UAK-18 (Universal Aero Kit 2018), the base Dallara Safety Cell chassis would remain as-was: however, several components, including the airbox and rear-wheel guards, would be removed. The latter were jettisoned as research and on-track results indicated that they were largely ineffective in reducing large crashes and would often break easily, as would other extraneous winglets.[58] The new kits were designed to ensure that more downforce comes from ground effects than the wings, and the visuals were inspired by classic Indy car designs from the 1980s and 1990s. In addition, teams would save money as they no longer have to buy different base undertray chassis strictly for superspeedways such as Indianapolis. The same chassis can accommodate aero kits for both road/street/short oval courses and the longer ovals.[59]

For the cockpit section, all IndyCar Series entrants began to utilize the all-new Cosworth CCW Mk2 steering wheel and also-new Configurable Display Unit 4.3 display dashes. Due to cost reasons, several smaller IndyCar Series teams (including part-timer and Indianapolis 500-only) still carried over the Pi Research Sigma Wheel digital display for one more season. The driver seats are slightly reprofiled to improve driver comfort as well as modifications such as a slight increase of cockpit length and width to better accommodate driver body height and weight. IndyCar Series was also in talks on the use of cockpit protection for the 2019 season such as the aeroscreen to avoid fatal crashes such as that of Justin Wilson in 2015. The aeroscreen was tested by Scott Dixon at ISM Raceway on February 9, 2018[60][61] and then by Josef Newgarden at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on April 30, 2018.

The initial new cockpit protection called "Advanced Frontal Protection" made its debut at the 2019 Indianapolis 500, while the new radical Aeroscreen cockpit protection was introduced for 2020 season developed by Red Bull Advanced Technologies.[62]

The UAK-18 (with the 2020-adopted aeroscreen) with V-6 twin-turbocharged engine powerplant, was originally expected to be retired at the end of the 2023 season. It was to be replaced by a hybrid powerplant for 2024. However, series officials have delayed the rollout of the hybrid formula until an unspecified date after the 2024 Indianapolis 500. Therefore the same cars from 2023 will be utilized for the first several races of the 2024 season.

Hybrid engine formula (2024)

[edit]

The IndyCar Series is currently testing updated 2.4 liter V6 powertrains with 100bhp hybrid ERS units provided by German manufacturer Mahle,[63] who has provided such power units to various motorsport categories, such as DTM and in automotive applications. The powertrains are currently in active development after being delayed from the originally scheduled 2023 debut due to the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic affecting availability of manufacturing capacity for the hybrid power units to allow for manufacturer testing,[64] as well as the desire from IndyCar manufacturer participants Chevrolet and Honda to delay the introduction of the hybrid powertrain to 2024 to allow for more testing, development and security in having the necessary parts to supply participating teams with the new powertrains. As of November 2022, there are currently no plans to introduce a new chassis in the near future,[65] with previous plans to debut a new chassis for the 2024-25 seasons delayed to 2027 due to the impact of the pandemic delaying initial design and development from the January 2021 timeframe,[66] with no immediate word on a replacement for the current IR18.

In December 2022, IndyCar announced that the new engine formula scheduled to debut in 2024 had been delayed to 2027.[67] Instead, a hybrid system for the existing 2.2 liter V6 engines was introduced during the 2024 Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course.[68] It has a 60 hp (45 kW), 33 lb⋅ft (45 N⋅m) electric motor coupled to a 320 kJ (90 Wh), 60-volt capacitor.[69]

Fatal accidents

[edit]

The DW12 was the second Dallara IndyCar Series chassis to suffer a fatality in IndyCar Series to date. At the 2015 ABC Supply 500 at Pocono Raceway, Justin Wilson died after being hit on his helmet by the nose cone of Sage Karam's crashed car.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Car and Engine". ryanracing.com. Ryan Hunter Reay. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  2. ^ "Xtrac - ASSISTED GEARCHANGE SYSTEM".
  3. ^ "2015 IndyCar Rulebook, Chapter 14: Technical Specification" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-03. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Shell, IndyCar to introduce 100% renewable race fuel in 2023". motorsport.com. IndyCar.com. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  5. ^ "Dallara DW12, named after the late Dan Wheldon, transformed IndyCar". CNN. October 17, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  6. ^ Pruett, Marshall (20 April 2022). "IndyCar to extend DW12 lifespan through at least 2024". Racer.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  7. ^ "IndyCar: How much longer will series use its 13-year-old relic?". AutoRacing1.com. December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  8. ^ "IndyCar News: Series hopes to replace its 15-year-old relic in 2027". AutoRacing1.com. March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  9. ^ "IndyCar CEO Mark Miles on the Fox media rights deal, expanding into new markets, and plans for an international series". BlackBookMotorsport.com. July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
  10. ^ Pruett, Marshall (December 10, 2024). "IndyCar team owners get first look at proposed 2027 design". RACER.com. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  11. ^ "IndyCar's 2012 Chassis: Lessons Learned from the Car of Tomorrow". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  12. ^ "Dallara named IndyCar chassis supplier for 2012". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  13. ^ "Aero Kit Discussions, Decisions Continue To Evolve". Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  14. ^ "INDYCAR: DW12 extended four more years". RACER.com. October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  15. ^ "Dallara to name 2012 IndyCar in honor of Dan Wheldon". Autosport.com. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  16. ^ "Technology ICONIC Advisory Committee". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  17. ^ a b c d "2012 car strategy embraces innovation". IndyCar.com. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  18. ^ "Purnell challenges future constructors". autosport.com. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  19. ^ a b c "Dallara named IndyCar chassis supplier for 2012". AutoWeek.com. July 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  20. ^ "Divergent 2012 car concepts match schedule". IndyCar.com. May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  21. ^ "INDYCAR: Owners Reject Aero Kits For 2012". SpeedTV.com. May 3, 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  22. ^ Lewandowski, Dave. "Alternative aero kits postponed until 2013". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  23. ^ "ECONOMAKI: Chevrolet To Make Welcomed IndyCar Return". National Speed Sport News. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  24. ^ "Manufacturer competition blooms with Lotus". IndyCar.com. November 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  25. ^ "Lotus to manufacture engines for IndyCar Series beginning in 2012". Sports Illustrated. November 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  26. ^ "IndyCar: Lotus to badge engines in 2012, will compete against Honda and Chevy". AutoWeek. November 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  27. ^ a b O'Leary, Jamie. 2012 Dallara makes test debut Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine, Autosport, August 8, 2011, Retrieved 2011-12-07
  28. ^ Lewandowski, Dave. Test pilot Archived 2011-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, IndyCar, October 17, 2011, Retrieved 2011-12-07
  29. ^ Lostia, Michele and Pablo Elizalde. 2012 Dallara to be called DW12 Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine, Autosport, October 26, 2011, Retrieved 2011-12-07
  30. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (August 8, 2011). "On track for new era in 2012". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ "New car test at Barber". IndyCar.com. August 19, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  32. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (September 3, 2011). "Notes: New car passes biggest test yet". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (September 22, 2011). "Around and around". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (September 27, 2011). "Indy test will complete validation Phase". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  35. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (October 4, 2011). "On to Phase 2 for 2012". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  36. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (October 27, 2011). "Manufacturer program pushes forward". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  37. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (November 29, 2011). "2012 car oval test in the West". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  38. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (December 13, 2011). "Manufacturers work through their programs". IndyCar.com. Retrieved January 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  39. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (February 23, 2012). "'Yeahs' have it for PIR return". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  40. ^ Lewandowski, Dave (February 25, 2012). "Chevy test day at Infineon draws a crowd". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  41. ^ "HVM, Lotus begin testing at Palm Beach". Racer. Haymarket Publications. January 13, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  42. ^ DiZinno, Tony (January 16, 2012). "IndyCar testing priorities intensify on Sebring day one". Racer. Haymarket Publications. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  43. ^ "Open Test scheduled by groups". IndyCar.com. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  44. ^ "INDYCAR: Series Sets Indianapolis Test Date". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
  45. ^ "INDYCAR moves Texas Open Test to May - IndyCar.com". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  46. ^ "IndyCar: Series delays introduction of multiple aero kits until 2013". Autoweek. 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  47. ^ "IndyCar teams waiting on approval of homologated 'Aero Kits'". IndyCar.com. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  48. ^ Sam (2011-09-11). "Wirth to develop Honda Indycar aerokit". Racecar Engineering. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  49. ^ Pruett, Marshall (2015-02-17). "Chevy unveils its new IndyCar aero kit". Road & Track. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  50. ^ "IndyCar: Reflecting on the aero kit era, from 2015 to 2017". Beyond the Flag. 2017-10-01. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  51. ^ "Notes: Changes to Honda, Chevrolet aero packages". IndyCar.com. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  52. ^ Schrader, Stef (17 May 2015). "Ed Carpenter Escapes Unharmed After Latest Terrifying IndyCar Flip". Jalopnik. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  53. ^ "Why sparks may fly over IndyCar's domed skids". www.motorsport.com. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  54. ^ "IndyCar adds safety aerodynamic tethers in 2016". Crash. 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  55. ^ "INDYCAR: RACER's 2016 aero kit comparisons". RACER. 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  56. ^ "IndyCar: Reflecting on the aero kit era, from 2015 to 2017". Beyond the Flag. 2017-10-01. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  57. ^ Martin, Bruce. "Universal IndyCar aero kit in 2018, Honda/Chevy development frozen". Autosport.com. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  58. ^ "IndyCar Unveils Full Design Renders for New 2018 Body Kits". 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
  59. ^ "INDYCAR unveils new images of 2018 Verizon IndyCar Series car design". Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
  60. ^ "IndyCar aeroscreen makes track testing debut at Phoenix". www.motorsport.com. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  61. ^ "IndyCar aeroscreen's first test – the verdict from the expert". www.motorsport.com. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  62. ^ "INDYCAR Announces Plan For Cockpit Protection Innovation". IndyCar.com. IndyCar Series. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  63. ^ Pruett, Marshall (28 October 2022). "Honda hybrid IndyCar engine tests at IMS". RACER. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  64. ^ Pruett, Marshall (3 March 2022). "IndyCar's hybrid engine rollout delayed until 2024". RACER. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  65. ^ Martin, Bruce. "Why A New Indy Car Isn't Happening Any Time Soon". Forbes. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  66. ^ Pruett, Marshall (25 September 2021). "Planning process in motion for next-generation IndyCar chassis". RACER. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  67. ^ Pruett, Marshall (6 December 2022). "IndyCar drops plans for new 2.4l engine". RACER. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  68. ^ "IndyCar is going hybrid, but is it better to wait for 2025?". ESPN.com. 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  69. ^ Marshall Pruett (2024-07-03). "Racer's inside look at IndyCar going hybrid, part 1". Racer.
[edit]