Dà zhìdù lùn
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The Dà zhìdù lùn (abbreviated DZDL), (Chinese: 大智度論, Wade-Giles: Ta-chih-tu lun; Japanese: Daichido-ron (as in Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 1509); The Treatise on the Great Prajñāpāramitā) is a massive Mahāyāna Buddhist treatise and commentary on the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (The Sūtra of Transcendental Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines).[1] The title has been reconstructed into Sanskrit as Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa.[1] and Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra.[2] It is an encyclopedic compendium or summa of Mahayana Buddhist doctrine.
The Dà zhìdù lùn was translated into Chinese by the Kuchean monk Kumārajīva (344–413 CE) and his Chinese team. The colophon to this work claims it is written by the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna (c. 2nd century), but various scholars such as Étienne Lamotte have questioned this attribution.[3] According to Hans-Rudolf Kantor, this work was "fundamental for the development of the Chinese Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chan schools."[4]
Textual history
[edit]The DZDL survives only in the Chinese translation of 100 scrolls made by the Kuchean monk Kumārajīva from 402 to 406 CE.[5] According to the primary sources, the Indic text consisted of 100,000 gāthās (lines), or 3,200,000 Sanskrit syllables, which was condensed by Kumārajīva by two-thirds to obtain the 100 scrolls of the Chinese translation. Kumārajīva translated the first 34 scrolls in full, and abridged the rest of the material.[6] It was translated by Kumārajīva, working together with his student Sengrui, who "stopped writing, argued for the right translation," and "checked his translation against the original for the entire day" as well as with the Qin emperor Yao Xing (366–416 CE).[1]
The DZDL became a central text for the East Asian Sanlun ( J. Sanron) or Madhyamaka school and also influenced all the major schools of Chinese Buddhism.[4] The DZDL acted as a kind of Mahāyāna encyclopedia for East Asian Buddhist thought, similar to the status of the Abhisamayalamkara in Tibetan Buddhism.[6]
Traditionally, it is held that the text is by the Indian Madhyamaka philosopher Nagarjuna. Against the traditional attribution of the work to Nagarjuna, Étienne Lamotte as well as Paul Demiéville, concluded that the author must have been a Buddhist monk of the Sarvāstivāda or Mulasarvāstivāda school from Northwest India, learned in Abhidharma, who later converted to Mahāyāna and Madhyamaka and then composed "a voluminous exegetical treatise which is like a Mahāyāna reply to the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma".[7] This is because the Abhidharma and Vinaya material found in this text coincides with that of the north Indian Sarvāstivāda tradition.[8] This is a widely accepted view among modern scholars.[6] Lamotte also remarked on the internal evidence of the text which shows that its author was likely from a region that was within the Kushan Empire.[7]
Hikata Ryusho however argues that there is an ancient nucleus of material in this text that could be attributed by Nagarjuna (as well as a large amount of later accretions).[9] R. Hikata argued that while a part of the text was by Nagarjuna, it also included many "additions or insertions by Kumārajīva."[10] The Chinese scholar Yin Shun meanwhile, argues for the traditional attribution to Nagarjuna.[1] In a recent study, Po-kan Chou has argued that the DZDL is a product of the editorship of Sengrui (352?-436?), Kumārajīva's student, co-translator and amanuensis.[1]
Content
[edit]The text is primarily Mahayana and explains basic Mahayana doctrines such as Prajñāpāramitā, and the other bodhisattva paramitas, but also includes much Sarvastivada Abhidharma, Jataka and early Buddhist content.[11] As noted by Lamotte, "the Treatise cites, at length or in extracts, about a hundred sūtras of the Lesser Vehicle; the majority are borrowed from the Āgama collections".[12] It also cites various Mahayana sutras, such as the Lotus Sutra and the Vimalakirti Sutra, the Dasabhumika Sutra, Gandavyuha Sutra, as well as various Jataka stories and Avadana literature.[13][14] According to Akira Hirawaka, "The arguments of the Ta-chih-tu lun, are primarily directed against the Vaibhasikas of the Sarvastivadin School."[15]
The DZDL contains 90 chapters (p'in) in 100 rolls (kiuan). It comprises two series of chapters, according to Lamotte the first series of 52 chapters (Taisho. 1509, p. 57c-314b) "appears to be an integral version of the Indian original" while the second series of 89 chapters (Taisho. 1509, p. 314b-756c) seems to be an abridgement.[16]
The content of the first series, which has been translated by Etienne Lamotte (Fr.) and Karma Migme Chodron (Eng.) is as follows:
- Chapters 1 to 15 comment on the prologue or nidana of the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā sutra (Taisho, T VIII, no. 223).[17]
- Chapters 16 to 30 provide an extensive commentary on a short paragraph of the sutra which focuses on the six transcendent virtues or pāramitās.[18]
- Chapters 31 to 42, according to Lamotte: "this part, the most technical and without a doubt the most interesting part of the Traité, has as its subject the practices forming the Path of Nirvāṇa and the attributes of the Buddhas."[19] This includes the thirty-seven bodhipākṣikadharmas, the "eight complementary classes of dharmas of the Path" (such as the three samadhis and four dhyanas) and "Six other classes of dharmas of the Path" (such as the Nine aṣubhasaṃjñās and the Eight anusmṛtis). For each of these topics, the views of Sarvastivada Abhidharma are explained alongside the views Prajñāpāramitā which often critique the Abhidharma understanding.[20] The Agamas are also cited in these explanations.
- Chapters 42 to 48 discuss the Bodhisattva vehicle, bodhicitta, merit, the abhijñas, emptiness (taught in the schema of the "eighteen emptinesses" 十八空), Madhyamaka, and the practice (śikṣā) of Prajñāpāramitā.[21]
- Chapters 49 to 52 discuss further topics such as the vows of a bodhisattva (in two sets of 24 vows and 38 vows) as well as causality, Dharmata, the divine eye (divyacakṣu), and the four great elements.[22]
Translations
[edit]One third of this work was translated by Etienne Lamotte as Le Traité de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse.[23] This translation is regrettably replete with mistakes.[24] An English translation from Lamotte's French was completed by Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron as "The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom".[25]
Bhiksu Dharmamitra has also translated sections of this work into English, including chapters 17-30[26] and a collection of 130 stories and anecdotes extracted from the text.[27]
Sources
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Chou, Po-kan, The Problem of the Authorship of the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa: A Re-examination, BIBLID1012-8514(2004)34p.281-327 2004.10.19收稿，2004.12.21通過刊登
- ^ "Explanation of Arguments [Chapter I]". 14 August 2014.
- ^ Ramanan, Krishniah Venkata, Dr. (1966). Nāgārjuna's Philosophy as presented in Mahā-prajñāpāramitā-śāstra . Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, 1966. page 13.
- ^ a b Hans-Rudolf Kantor, Philosophical Aspects of Sixth-Century Chinese Buddhist Debates on "Mind and Consciousness, pp. 337–395 in: Chen-kuo Lin / Michael Radich (eds.) A Distant Mirror Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism, Hamburg Buddhist Studies, Hamburg University Press 2014.
- ^ Ramanan, Krishniah Venkata, Dr. (1966). Nāgārjuna's Philosophy as presented in Mahā-prajñāpāramitā-śāstra . Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, 1966. page 14.
- ^ a b c Lee, Youngjin, Traditional Commentaries on the Larger Prajñāpāramitā
- ^ a b Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. III Chapters XXXI-XLII, 2001, page 876-877.
- ^ Ray, Reginald A.Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations, page 406
- ^ Zürcher, Erik, The Buddhist Conquest of China: The spread and adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China, Brill Archive, 1959, p. 410.
- ^ R. Hikata, Suvikrāntavikrāmi-pariprcchā Prajñāpāramitā-Sūtra (Fukuoka: Kyushu University Press, 1958), lii-lxxv.
- ^ For a recent discussion of the philosophical significance of the text, see Huang, Jing and Jonardon Ganeri (2021). "Is this me? A story about personal identity from the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa / Dà zhìdù lùn." British Journal for the History of Philosophy. An ungated version is available here or here.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne; Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron. The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - (Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra) Vol. II Chapters XVI-XXX, page 494-495
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne; Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron. The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - (Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra) Vol II Chapters XVI-XXX Composed by the Bodhisattve Nagarjuna and Translated by the Tripitakadharmacarya Kumarajiva of the Land of Koutcha Under the Later Ts'in, page 494-495
- ^ Akira Hirakawa, A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press 1990, p. 280.
- ^ Akira Hirakawa, A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, 1990, p. 256.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Volume V Chapters XLIX – LII and Chapter XX (2nd series), p. 1772.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. I Chapters I – XV, 2001.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. II Chapters XVI-XXX, 2001.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. III Chapters XXXI-XLII, 2001, p. 909.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. III Chapters XXXI-XLII, 2001, pp. 910-911.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. IV Chapters XLII (continuation) – XLVIII, 2001.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Volume V Chapters XLIX – LII and Chapter XX (2nd series).
- ^ Werner, Karel (2003). Reviewed Work: The Six Perfections. An Abridged Version of E. Lamotte's French Translation of Nāgārjuna's "Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra", Chapters XVI-XXX by E. Lamotte, Nāgārjuna, Tadeusz Skorupski. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Third Series, 13 (2), 262
- ^ Huang, Jing; Ganeri, Jonardon (2021). "Is this me? A story about personal identity from the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa / Dà zhìdù lùn". British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 29 (5): 739–762. doi:10.1080/09608788.2021.1881881. S2CID 233821050. An ungated version is available here or here.
- ^ Lamotte, Etienne; Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron. The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna (Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra) Vol. I Chapters I – XV
- ^ Bhiksu Dharmamitra (2008). Nagarjuna on the Six Perfections, Kalavinka press
- ^ Bhiksu Dharmamitra (2008). Marvelous Stories from the Perfection of Wisdom, Kalavinka press
Further reading
[edit]- Lamotte, Etienne (transl.) (1944). Le traité de la grande vertu de sagesse: Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, volume I, chapter I-XV. Université de Louvain, Institut orientaliste.
- Lamotte, Etienne (transl.) (1949). Le traité de la grande vertu de sagesse: Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, volume II, chapter XVI-XXX. Université de Louvain, Institut orientaliste.
External links
[edit]- Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron (2001), Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra, wisdomlib.org (English translation based on Lamotte's French version)
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