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For other uses, see Astral body (disambiguation).
La materia della Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri, Plate VI: "The Ordering of Paradise" by Michelangelo Caetani (1804–1882)
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The body of light, sometimes called the 'astral body'[a] or the 'subtle body,'[b] is a "quasi material"[1] aspect of the human body, being neither solely physical nor solely spiritual, posited by a number of philosophers, and elaborated on according to various esoteric, occult, and mystical teachings. Other terms used for this body include body of glory,[2] spirit-body, luciform body, augoeides ('radiant body'), astroeides ('starry or sidereal body'), and celestial body.[3]

The concept derives from the philosophy of Plato: the word 'astral' means 'of the stars'; thus the astral plane consists of the Seven Heavens of the classical planets. The idea is rooted in common worldwide religious accounts of the afterlife[4] in which the soul's journey or "ascent" is described in such terms as "an ecstatic, mystical or out-of body experience, wherein the spiritual traveller leaves the physical body and travels in their body of light into 'higher' realms."[5]

Neoplatonists Porphyry and Proclus elaborated on Plato's description of the starry nature of the human psyche. Throughout the Renaissance, philosophers and alchemists, healers including Paracelsus and his students, and natural scientists such as John Dee, continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between earth and the divine. The concept of the astral body or body of light was adopted by 19th-century ceremonial magician Éliphas Lévi, Florence Farr and the magicians of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, including Aleister Crowley.

History

[edit]

Plato and Aristotle taught that the stars were composed of a type of matter different from the four earthly elements - a fifth, ethereal element or quintessence. In the astral mysticism of the classical world the human psyche was composed of the same material, thus accounting for the influence of the stars upon human affairs. In his commentaries on Plato's Timaeus, Proclus wrote;

Man is a little world (mikros cosmos). For, just like the Whole, he possesses both mind and reason, both a divine and a mortal body. He is also divided up according to the universe. It is for this reason, you know, that some are accustomed to say that his consciousness corresponds with the nature of the fixed stars, his reason in its contemplative aspect with Saturn and in its social aspect with Jupiter, (and) as to his irrational part, the passionate nature with Mars, the eloquent with Mercury, the appetitive with Venus, the sensitive with the Sun and the vegetative with the Moon.[6][verify]

Such doctrines were commonplace in mystery-schools, Gnostic and Hermetic sects throughout the Roman Empire, and influenced the early Christian church.[7] Paul's Second Epistle to the Corinthians contains a reference to the astral plane or astral projection:[8] "I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. Whether it was in the body or out of the body I do not know—God knows."[9]

Neoplatonism

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Neoplatonism is a branch of classical philosophy that uses the works of Plato as a guide to understanding religion and the world. In the Myth of Er, particularly, Plato rendered an account of the afterlife which involved a journey through seven planetary spheres and then eventual reincarnation. He taught that man was composed of mortal body, immortal reason and an intermediate 'spirit'.[10] Neoplatonists agreed as to the immortality of the rational soul but disagreed as to whether man's "irrational soul" was immortal and celestial ("starry", hence astral) or whether it remained on earth and dissolved after death.

The early Neoplatonist Porphyry (3rd century) wrote of the Augoeides, a term which is encountered in the literature of Neoplatonic theurgy. The word originates from Ancient Greek and has been interpreted as deriving from ᾠόν, meaning 'egg', or αυγή, meaning 'dawn', combined with 'είδηση', indicative of 'news' or 'a message', or with 'εἴδωλον', an 'idol' or 'reflection'.[citation needed] Thomas Taylor commented on Porphyry's use of the term:

For here he evidently conjoins the rational soul, or the etherial sense, with its splendid vehicle, or the fire of simple ether; since it is well known that this vehicle, according to Plato, is rendered by proper purgation 'augoeides', or luciform, and divine.[c]

Synesius, a 4th-century Greek bishop, according to Isaac Myer equated the divine body with 'Imagination' (phantasia) itself,[11] considering it to be "something very subtle, yet material,"[12] referring to it as "the first body of the soul."[12]

Building on concepts described by Iamblichus[13] and Plotinus, the late Neoplatonist Proclus (5th century), who is credited as the first to speak of subtle planes, posited two subtle bodies, vehicles, or 'carriers' (okhema), intermediate between spirit and the physical body. These were:[14][15][16][17]

  1. the augoeides okhêma, 'luminous vehicle' or 'body of light', which he identified as the immortal vehicle of the rational soul.
  2. the pneumatikon okhêma, 'pneumatic vehicle' or 'body of breath', indwelling the vital breath (pneuma), which he identified as the mortal vehicle of the irrational soul. (cf. pneumatic).

Renaissance medicine and magic

[edit]
Main articles: Renaissance medicine and Renaissance magic

Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) translated the Corpus Hermetica into Latin.[18] He wrote:

Look at the universal world full of the light of the sun. Look at the light in the world’s matter full of all the universal forms and forever changing. Subtract, I beg you, matter from the light and put the rest aside : suddenly you have soul, that is, incorporeal light, replete with all the forms, but changeable.[d]

Ficino describes this tenuous form as being of aether or quintessence, the fifth element, spirit, and says that it has a "fiery and starry nature."[e] He also refers to it as the 'astral body,' intermediate between spirit and the body of matter.[19]

Such ideas greatly influenced the Renaissance medicine of Paracelsus (1493–1541) and Servetus (1509/11–1553).[20] John Dee (1527–1608/9), a student of Ficino,[citation needed] based his natural philosophy on Ficino and the Medieval optical theories of Roger Bacon, William of Ockham, John Peckham, and Vitello; according to Szulakowska "specifically for his ideas concerning the radiation of light rays and the effects of the planetary and stellar influences on the earth."[21] Dee was also influenced by the Arabian philosopher Al-Kindi, whose treatise De radiis stellarum wove together astrology and optical theory, which inspired Dee's Propaedeumata Aphoristica.[22] In Dee's system of Enochian magic,[23] there were three main techniques: invocation (prayer), scrying (crystal-gazing), and traveling in the body of light.[24]

Isaac Newton

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Main article: Isaac Newton's occult studies

Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27), despite his renown for his scientific pursuits, held an alchemist's perspective. In the early 18th century, he speculated that material bodies might be transformed into light, connecting this idea with the 'subtle body' of alchemy.[25]

Franz Anton Mesmer

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Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) borrowed from Newton's more occult theories with the intention of finding medical applications. He also built on the work of Richard Mead (1673–1754), who hypothesized that due to the astral nature of the human body, it is subject to an "all-pervading gravitation emanating from the stars."[26] Mesmer expanded this concept, hypothesizing that bodies were subject to a form of magnetism emanating from all other bodies, not just the stars, which he called 'animal magnetism,' describing it as a "fluid which is universally widespread and pervasive in a manner which allows for no void, subtly permits no comparison, and is of a nature which is susceptible to receive, propagate, and communicate all impressions of movement."[f] Mesmer's theories influenced the Spiritualist traditions.[26]

Helena Blavatsky

[edit]

Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891) wrote of the Augoeides, though her own theories of the astral body were derived from the subtle body traditions of Eastern mysticism.

The most substantial difference consisted in the location of the immortal or divine spirit of man. While the ancient Neoplatonists held that the Augoeides never descends hypostatically into the living man, but only more or less sheds its radiance on the inner man – the astral soul – the Kabalists of the Middle Ages maintained that the spirit, detaching itself from the ocean of light and spirit, entered into man's soul, where it remained through life imprisoned in the astral capsule.[27]

Ceremonial magic

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Main article: Ceremonial magic

Éliphas Lévi

[edit]

In the mid-nineteenth century the French occultist Éliphas Lévi (1810–1875) introduced the term 'astral light' in his Dogme et rituel de la haute magie (1856),[28] and wrote of it as a factor he considered of key importance to magic, alongside the power of will and the doctrine of correspondences. Lévi developed a full theory of the 'sidereal body' which for the most part agrees with the Neoplatonic tradition of Proclus, Iamblichus, Plotinus, and Porphyry, though he credited Paracelsus as his source.[28] He considered the astral light to be the medium of all light, energy, and movement, describing it in terms that recall both Mesmer and the luminiferous aether.[29]

Lévi's idea of the astral was to have much influence in the English-speaking world due to being adopted by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and by Aleister Crowley, who believed himself to be Lévi's reincarnation and promoted a number of ideas from his works, including his idea of the true self or True Will, much of his system of ceremonial magic, and his theories of the astral plane and the body of light.

Florence Farr and the Golden Dawn

[edit]

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a secret magical order originating in 1888 in Victorian England, describes the subtle body as "the Sphere of Sensation."[30] Florence Farr (1860–1917) developed the Golden Dawn education system, succeeded William Wynn Westcott as "Chief Adept in Anglia," and wrote several of the Order's secret instruction papers, called the "Flying Rolls."[31] Her magical motto was Sapientia Sapienti Dona Data (Latin: 'Wisdom is a gift given to the wise').[32][33]

Farr's writings, signed with the initials of her motto 'SSDD', studied the ten parts of a human being which she said were described in ancient Egyptian writings, including the Sahu, the elemental or astral body; the Tet or Zet, the spiritual body or soul; and the Khaibt, the sphere or aura, radiating from the Sahu, and symbolised by a fan. Farr wrote that the ancient Egyptian adepts "looked upon each body, or manifested being, as the material basis of a long vista of immaterial entities functioning as a spirit, soul and mind in the formative, creative and archetypal worlds." She described how the Khaibt forms a sphere around a human being at birth.[34][non-primary source needed]

The occultist Israel Regardie (1907–1985) published a collection of Golden Dawn magical texts which state that "the whole sphere of sensation which surroundeth the whole physical body of a man is called 'the magical mirror of the universe'. For therein are represented all the occult forces of the universe projected as on a sphere..."[30] Regardie connects the Sephiroth of the Qabalistic Tree of Life to this sphere as a microcosm of the universe. The Kabbalistic concept of the Nephesch ('psyche') is seen as "the subtle body of refined Astral Light upon which, as on an invisible pattern, the physical body is extended."[30][non-primary source needed]

Aleister Crowley

[edit]

The occultist Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), the founder of the new religious movement Thelema, translated augoeides literally as 'egg message' and connected it with 'the Knowledge & Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel' or 'higher & original (egg) genius' associated with each human being.[35][36] He stressed that the body of light must be built up though the use of imagination, and that it must then be animated, exercised, and disciplined.[37] According to Asprem (2017):

The practice of creating a "body of light” in imagination builds on the body-image system, potentially working with alterations across all of its three modalities (perceptual, conceptual, and affective): an idealized body is produced (body-image model), new conceptual structures are attached to it (e.g., the doctrine of multiple, separable bodies), while emotional attachments of awe, dignity, and fear responses are cultivated through the performance of astral rituals and protections from "astral dangers" through the simulation of symbols and magical weapons.[37]

Crowley explains that the most important practices for developing the Body of Light are:[38]

  1. The fortification of the Body of Light by the constant use of rituals, by the assumption of god-forms, and by the right use of the Eucharist.
  2. The purification and consecration and exaltation of that Body by the use of rituals of invocation.
  3. The education of that Body by experience. It must learn to travel on every plane; to break down every obstacle which may confront it.

According to Crowley, the role of the body of light is broader than simply being a vehicle for astral travel — he writes that it is also the storehouse of all experience.[g]

Other uses

[edit]

The term 'body of light' is also used in Tibetan Buddhism, particularly in the Dzogchen and Mahamudra traditions. It is the usual translation of the Tibetan term, ′od lus, also known as the illusory body.[39]

Meditation research

[edit]

Western scientists have started to explore the subtle body concept in relation to research on meditation. The subtle body model can be cross-referenced onto modern maps of the central nervous system, and applied in research on meditation.[40]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ n.b. however, this term may refer instead to the Theosophical concept of the astral body.
  2. ^ n.b. however, this term may refer instead to the subtle body of Eastern esotericism.
  3. ^ Taylor (tr.) in Porphyry (1823).
  4. ^ Ficino as quoted in Bridgman (2006), p. 237.
  5. ^ Ficino as quoted by Walker (1958b), p. 13.
  6. ^ Mesmer as quoted in Pokazanyeva (2016).
  7. ^ Crowley (1973), ch. 81: "In Magick, on the contrary, one passes through the veil of the exterior world (which, as in Yoga, but in another sense, becomes 'unreal' by comparison as one passes beyond) one creates a subtle body (instrument is a better term) called the body of Light; this one develops and controls; it gains new powers as one progresses, usually by means of what is called 'initiation': finally, one carries on almost one's whole life in this Body of Light, and achieves in its own way the mastery of the Universe."
  8. ^ Although a work of fiction, partially historical, the background concerning the Renaissance traditions surrounding Dee, Kelly, and Bruno are well-researched and presented in this series.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Samuel & Johnston (2013).
  2. ^ Behun (2010).
  3. ^ Mead (1919), pp. 34–35.
  4. ^ Miller (1995), p. [page needed].
  5. ^ Woolger (n.d.).
  6. ^ Mead (1919), p. 84.
  7. ^ Copleston (1994), p. [page needed].
  8. ^ Hankins (2003).
  9. ^ 2 Corinthians 12:2
  10. ^ Plato (2007), p. [page needed].
  11. ^ Bregman (2016), p. 315.
  12. ^ a b Bregman (2016), p. 316.
  13. ^ Finamore (1985).
  14. ^ Shaw (2013).
  15. ^ Griffin (2012), p. 162, 178, 181.
  16. ^ Dillon (1990).
  17. ^ Dodds (1963), Appendix II.
  18. ^ Copenhaver (1992), pp. xl–xliii.
  19. ^ Pagel (1960), p. 128.
  20. ^ Walker (1958).
  21. ^ Szulakowska (2000), p. 29.
  22. ^ Clulee (2013), pp. 52–59.
  23. ^ James (2009).
  24. ^ Schueler & Schueler (1951).
  25. ^ Chalquist (2009).
  26. ^ a b Pokazanyeva (2016).
  27. ^ Blavatsky (1997), p. 74.
  28. ^ a b Asprem (2011).
  29. ^ Cicero & Cicero (2003), p. [page needed].
  30. ^ a b c Regardie (2015), pp. 125–132.
  31. ^ Greer (1996).
  32. ^ King (1977), p. 24.
  33. ^ King (1987).
  34. ^ Farr (2017), pp. 239–286.
  35. ^ Greer (2003).
  36. ^ Sutin (2000).
  37. ^ a b Asprem (2017), p. 40.
  38. ^ Crowley (1997), p. 284.
  39. ^ White (2012), p. 72.
  40. ^ Loizzo (2016).

Works cited

[edit]
  • Asprem, E. (2011). "Pondering Imponderables: Occultism in the Mirror of Late Classical Physics". Aries. 11 (2): 129–165. doi:10.1163/156798911X581207.
  • Asprem, E. (2017). "Explaining the Esoteric Imagination". Aries. 17 (1): 17–50. doi:10.1163/15700593-01701002.
  • Behun, W. (2010). "The Body of Light and the Body without Organs". Substance: A Review of Theory & Literary Criticism. 39 (1): 125–140.
  • Blavatsky, H. P. (1997). Gomes, M. (ed.). Isis Unveiled: Secrets of the Ancient Wisdom Tradition, Madame Blavatsky's First Work. Theosophical Publishing House. ISBN 978-0835607292.
  • Bregman, J. (2016). "Synesius of Cyrene and the American "Synesii"". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions. 63 (2–3): 299–323. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341424.
  • Bridgman, Allen Michael John (2006). "Marcilio Ficino, Levitation, and the ascent to Capricorn". Éducation, transmission, rénovation à la Renaissance. Cahiers du GADGES n°4. Vol. 4. pp. 223–240. doi:10.3406/gadge.2006.1096. S2CID 255682120.
  • Chalquist, C. (2009). "Sir Isaac Newton, Alchemist". Psychological Perspectives. 52 (2): 199–218. doi:10.1080/00332920902880754. S2CID 144133012.
  • Cicero, Chic; Cicero, Sandra Tabatha (2003). The Essential Golden Dawn. Llewellyn Worldwide.
  • Clulee, N. (2013). John Dee's Natural Philosophy: Between Science and Religion. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1136183065.
  • Copenhaver, Brian P. (1992). Hermetica: The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius in a New English Translation, with Notes and Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42543-3.
  • Copleston, Frederick (1994). The History of Philosophy. Vol. 2. Image Books. ISBN 978-0385468435.
  • Crowley, Aleister (1973). Magick Without Tears. Falcon Press.
  • Crowley, Aleister (1997). Magick: Liber ABA, Book 4, Parts I-IV (2nd rev. ed.). Boston: Weiser. ISBN 0877289190.
  • Dillon, John (1990). "Plotinus, the First Cartesian?". Hermathena (149): 19–31. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 23041171.
  • Dodds, E.R. (1963). Proclus: The Elements of Theology (2nd ed.).
  • Farr, Florence (2017) [1887]. Westcott, William (ed.). Egyptian Magic in Collecteana Hermetica. Vol. VIII. London. ISBN 978-1544089201.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Finamore, John F. (1985). Iamblichus and the Theory of the Vehicle of the Soul. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
  • Greer, John Michael (2003). The New Encyclopedia of the Occult. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1567183368.
  • Greer, Mary K. (1996). Women of the Golden Dawn: Rebels and Priestesses. Park Street Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-607-1.
  • Griffin, John Michael (2012). "Proclus on Place as the Luminous Vehicle of the Soul". Dionysius. 30: 161–186.
  • Hankins, James (2003). "Ficino, Avicenna and the Occult Powers of the Rational Soul". In Meroi, Fabrizio; Scapparone, Elisabetta (eds.). La magia nell'Europa moderna: Tra antica sapienza e filosofia naturale. Atti del convegno (Istituto nazionale di studi sul rinascimento) 23. Vol. I. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. pp. 35–52.
  • James, Geoffrey (2009), The Enochian Evocation of Dr. John Dee, Newburyport, MA: Weiser Books, ISBN 978-1578634538.
  • King, Francis (1977). The Magical World of Aleister Crowley. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-77423-5.
  • King, Francis, ed. (1987). Astral Projection, Ritual Magic, and Alchemy: Golden Dawn Material by S.L. MacGregor Mathers and Others. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books.
  • Loizzo, Joseph J. (10 May 2016). "The subtle body: an interoceptive map of central nervous system function and meditative mind-brain-body integration". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1373 (1). Wiley: 78–95. Bibcode:2016NYASA1373...78L. doi:10.1111/nyas.13065. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 27164469. S2CID 5042508.
  • Mead, G. R. S. (1919). The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition. Watkins.
  • Miller, Suki (1995). After Death: How People around the World Map the Journey after Death.
  • Pagel, Walter (1960). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance (2nd rev. ed.). Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger.
  • Plato (2007). The Republic. Translated by Harmondsworth, Desmond Lee (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0140455113.
  • Pokazanyeva, Anna (June 2016). "Mind within Matter: Science, the Occult, and the (Meta)physics of Ether and Akasha". Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science. 51 (2): 318–346. doi:10.1111/zygo.12259.
  • Porphyry (1823). Select Works of Porphyry. Translated by Thomas Taylor. T. Rodd. ISBN 978-0598743619. Archived from the original on 2006-01-18.
  • Regardie, Israel (2015). Greer, John Michael (ed.). The Golden Dawn: A Complete Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order (7th ed.). Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. ISBN 978-0-7387-4399-8.
  • Samuel, G.; Johnston, J. (2013). Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body. Routledge studies in Asian religion and philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-76640-4.
  • Schueler, Gerald; Schueler, Betty (1951). Enochian Magick. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-0875427164.
  • Shaw, Gregory (2013). "Theurgy and the Platonist's Luminous Body". In DeConick, April; Shaw, Gregory; Turner, John D. (eds.). Practicing Gnosis. pp. 537–557. doi:10.1163/9789004248526_029. ISBN 9789004248526.
  • Sutin, Lawrence (2000). Do What Thou Wilt: A Life of Aleister Crowley.
  • Szulakowska, U. (2000). The Alchemy of Light: Geometry and Optics in Late Renaissance Alchemical Illustration. Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004116900.
  • Walker, Daniel P. (1958). "The Astral Body in Renaissance Medicine". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 21 (1/2): 119–33. doi:10.2307/750490. JSTOR 750490. S2CID 195058776.
  • Walker, Daniel P. (1958b). "Spiritual and Demonic Magic: From Ficino to Campanella". Studies of the Warburg Institute. 22. London.
  • White, David Gordon (2012). The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226149349.
  • Woolger, Roger J. (n.d.). "Beyond Death: Transition and the Afterlife" (PDF). Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-02.

Further reading

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  • Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1993). The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0140192926.
  • Corrias, A. (2013). "From Daemonic Reason to Daemonic Imagination: Plotinus and Marsilio Ficino on the Soul's Tutelary Spirit". British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 21 (3): 443–462. doi:10.1080/09608788.2013.771608. S2CID 170479884.
  • Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2012). Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521196215.
  • Hauck, Dennis William (1999). The Emerald Tablet: Alchemy of Personal Transformation. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1101157183.
  • Henry, John (2011). A Short History of Scientific Thought. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0230356467.
  • Henry, John (2020). "Newton, the sensorium of God, and the cause of gravity". Science in Context. 33 (3): 329–351. doi:10.1017/S0269889721000077. PMID 34096496. S2CID 235360320.
  • Kissling, Robert Christian (1922). "The ochêma-pneuma of the Neoplatonists and the De Insomniis of Synesius of Cyrene". American Journal of Philology. 43 (4): 318–30. doi:10.2307/288931. JSTOR 288931.
  • Leãa, L. (2005). "The mirror labyrinth: reflections on bodies and consciousness at cybertimes". Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research. 3 (1): 19–41. doi:10.1386/tear.3.1.19/1.
  • Materer, Timothy (2018). Modernist Alchemy: Poetry and the Occult. United States: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501728570.
  • Partridge, C. (2016). "Aleister Crowley on Drugs" (PDF). International Journal for the Study of New Religions. 7 (2): 125–151. doi:10.1558/ijsnr.v7i2.31941.
  • Pasi, M. (2011). "Varieties of Magical Experience: Aleister Crowley's Views on Occult Practice". Magic, Ritual & Witchcraft. 6 (2): 123–162. doi:10.1353/mrw.2011.0018. S2CID 143532692.
  • Poortman, J. J. (1978). Vehicles of Consciousness; The Concept of Hylic Pluralism (Ochema). Vol. I–IV. The Theosophical Society in Netherlands.
  • Serra, Nick (2014). "Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism". Magic, Ritual & Witchcraft. 9 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1353/mrw.2014.0012. S2CID 162315360.
  • Shapiro, Alan E. (1993). Fits, Passions and Paroxysms: Physics, Method and Chemistry and Newton's Theories of Colored Bodies and Fits of Easy Reflection. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521405072.
  • Shaw, G. (2015). "Taking the Shape of the Gods". Aries. 15 (1): 136–169. doi:10.1163/15700593-01501009.
  • Stavish, Mark (1997). "The Body of Light in the Western Esoteric Tradition". Hermetics Resource Site. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  • Stavish, Mark (2008). Between the Gates: Lucid Dreaming, Astral Projection, and the Body of Light in Western Esotericism. Red Wheel Weiser. ISBN 978-1609252151.
  • Walker, Benjamin, Beyond the Body: The Human Double, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1974, ISBN 0-7100-7808-0; Fitzhenry, Toronto, 1974; Arkana, 1988, ISBN 0-14-019169-0.
  • White, John (May 2018). "Enlightenment and the Body of Light". Journal of Conscious Evolution. 1 (1). Retrieved 2022-01-06.
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