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Bacha bazi

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Bacha bāzī [1] (Pashto and Dari: بچه بازی, lit. 'boy play') refers to a pederasty practice in Afghanistan in which men exploit and enslave adolescent boys for entertainment and/or sex.[2][3] [4][5] The man exploiting the young boy is called a bacha baz (literally "boy player").[3] Typically, the bacha baz forces the bacha (or boy) to dress in women's clothing and dance with bells on his feet.[3]

Often, the boys come from an impoverished and vulnerable situation such as street children, mainly without relatives or abducted from their families.[3][6][7] In some cases, families on the brink of starvation may sell their young sons to a bacha baz or have him "adopted" for food and money. [3] Facing social stigma and sexual abuse, the young boys, who often despise their captors, struggle with psychological effects from the abuse[8] and suffer from emotional trauma for life, including turning to drugs and alcohol.[3]

Bacha bazi was outlawed during the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan period.[9][10][11] Nevertheless, it was widely practiced. Force and coercion were common, and security officials of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan stated they were unable to end such practices and that many of the men involved in bacha bazi were powerful and well-armed warlords.[12][13][14] The laws were seldom enforced against powerful offenders, and police had reportedly been complicit in related crimes.[15][16] While bacha bazi carried the death penalty,[17] the boys sometimes were sometimes charged rather than the perpetrators.[18] Bacha bazi carries the death penalty under Taliban law.[17] One of the original factors mobilizing the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s was their opposition to bacha bazi.[10]

History

Dance of bacha, Samarkand, 1905–1915, photo by Prokudin-Gorsky
"Portrait of bacha", by Vasily Vereshchagin (1867–1868)

The practice of bacha bazi in modern Afghanistan and Central Asia dates as far back as the 9th or 10th century.[19] However, Afghanistan is one of the rare places where bacha bazi has been preserved in the public consciousness.[20] German ethnographic research conducted in the 1970s observed bacha bazi (called bachabozlik in Uzbek) among the Uzbek population in the mountainous region of northern Afghanistan.[19] A Swedish ethnographer made similar discoveries among the Uzbek and Turkmen populations in Afghanistan in the 1930s.[20] The origin of bacha bazi to the region most likely stems from either Ancient Greek or ancient Chinese influences, both of which had similar social practices.[19] British leaders who visited Afghanistan in the nineteenth century under Abdur Rahman Khan referenced bacha bazi.[20] In Kandahar, poetry traditionally idolized the "beardless boy" as the icon of physical beauty.[21] These young boys were called halekon or ashna.[21]

A study published by the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission in 2014 reported that 78% of Afghan men who keep bacha bazi boys are married to a woman.[22][23] Some Afghans believe that bacha bazi violates Islamic law on grounds that it is homosexual in nature; others believe that Islam only forbids a man to sexually engage with another man, but not with a boy.[23]

In 2011, in an agreement between the United Nations and Afghanistan, Radhika Coomaraswamy and Afghan officials signed an action plan promising to end the practice, along with enforcing other protections for children.[24] In 2014, Suraya Subhrang, child rights commissioner at the national Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, stated that the areas practicing bacha bazi had increased.[18]

In 2022, after the Taliban's return to power following the United States' military disengagement from Afghanistan, it was reported that the abuse persisted in the reinstated Islamic Emirate, with Taliban officials broadly engaging in bacha bazi.[citation needed]

Formation of the Taliban

The practice of bacha bazi by warlords was one of the key factors in Mullah Omar mobilizing the Taliban.[25] Reportedly, in early 1994, Omar led 30 men armed with 16 rifles to free two young girls who had been kidnapped and raped by a warlord, hanging him from a tank gun barrel.[26] Another instance arose when in 1994, a few months before the Taliban took control of Kandahar, two militia commanders confronted each other over a young boy whom they both wanted to sodomize. In the ensuing fight, Omar's group freed the boy; appeals soon flooded in for Omar to intercede in other disputes. His movement gained momentum through the year and he quickly gathered recruits from Islamic schools totaling 12,000 by the year's end with some Pakistani volunteers. While initially remaining quiet and focused on continuing his studies during the Afghan Civil War, Omar became increasingly discontent with what he perceived as fasād in the country, including the practice of bacha bazi, ultimately prompting him to return to fighting in the Civil War. In 1994, Omar, along with religious students in Kandahar, formed the Taliban, which emerged victorious against other Afghan factions by 1996. Omar led the Taliban to form a Sunni Islamic theocracy headed by the Supreme Council, known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which strictly enforced sharia. After Dr Najibullah's stepped down, the country fell into chaos as various Afghan Mujahideen factions fought for total control of Afghanistan. Omar had a dream in 1994 in which a woman told him: "We need your help; you must rise. You must end the chaos. God will help you."[27] Omar started his movement with less than 50 armed madrassah students who were simply known as the Taliban (Pashtun for 'students'). His recruits came from madrassas located in Afghanistan and the Afghan refugee camps which were located across the border in Pakistan. They fought against the rampant corruption which had emerged during the civil war period and were initially welcomed by Afghans who were weary of warlord rule. Apparently, Omar became sickened by the abusive raping of children by warlords and turned against their authority in the mountainous country of Afghanistan from 1994 onwards.[28][29][30][31]

Modern examples

Clover Films and Afghan journalist Najibullah Quraishi made a documentary film titled The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan about the practice, which was shown in the UK in March 2010[32] and aired in the US the following month.[33] Journalist Nicholas Graham of The Huffington Post lauded the documentary as "both fascinating and horrifying".[34] The film won the 2011 Documentary award in the Amnesty International UK Media Awards.[35]

The practice of bacha bazi prompted the United States Department of Defense to hire social scientist AnnaMaria Cardinalli to investigate the problem, as ISAF soldiers on patrol often passed older men walking hand-in-hand with young boys. Coalition soldiers often found that young Afghan men were trying to "touch and fondle them", which the soldiers did not understand.[36]

In December 2010, a leaked diplomatic cable revealed that foreign contractors hired by the American military contractor DynCorp had spent money on bacha bazi in northern Afghanistan. Afghan Interior Minister Mohammad Hanif Atmar requested that the U.S. military assume control over DynCorp training centres in response, but the U.S. embassy claimed that this was not "legally possible under the DynCorp contract".[37]

In 2011, an Afghan mother in Kunduz Province reported that her 12-year-old son had been chained to a bed and raped for two weeks by an Afghan Local Police (ALP) commander named Abdul Rahman. When confronted, Rahman laughed and confessed. He was subsequently severely beaten by two U.S. Special Forces soldiers and thrown off the base.[38] The soldiers were involuntarily separated from the military, but later reinstated after a lengthy legal case.[39] As a direct result of this incident, legislation was created called the "Mandating America's Responsibility to Limit Abuse, Negligence and Depravity", or "Martland Act" named after Special Forces Sgt. 1st Class Charles Martland.[40]

In December 2012, a teenage victim of sexual exploitation and abuse by a commander of the Afghan Border Police killed eight guards. He made a drugged meal for the guards and then, with the help of two friends, attacked them, after which they fled to neighbouring Pakistan.[41]

In a 2013 documentary by Vice Media titled This Is What Winning Looks Like, British independent film-maker Ben Anderson describes the systematic kidnapping, sexual enslavement and murder of young men and boys by local security forces in the Afghan city of Sangin. The film depicts several scenes of Anderson along with American military personnel describing how difficult it is to work with the Afghan police considering the blatant molestation and rape of local youth. The documentary also contains footage of an American military advisor confronting the then-acting police chief about the abuse after a young boy is shot in the leg after trying to escape a police barracks. When the Marine suggests that the barracks be searched for children, and that any policeman found to be engaged in pedophilia be arrested and jailed, the high-ranking officer insists what occurs between the security forces and the boys is consensual, saying "[the boys] like being there and giving their asses at night". He went on to claim that this practice was historic and necessary, rhetorically asking: "If [my commanders] don't fuck the asses of those boys, what should they fuck? The pussies of their own grandmothers?"[42]

In 2015, The New York Times reported that U.S. soldiers serving in Afghanistan were instructed by their commanders to ignore child sexual abuse being carried out by Afghan security forces, except "when rape is being used as a weapon of war". American soldiers have been instructed not to intervene—in some cases, not even when their Afghan allies have abused boys on military bases, according to interviews and court records. But the U.S. soldiers have been increasingly troubled that instead of weeding out pedophiles, the U.S. military was arming them against the Taliban and placing them as the police commanders of villages—and doing little when they began abusing children.[43][44]

According to a report published in June 2017 by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, the DOD had received 5,753 vetting requests of Afghan security forces, some of which related to sexual abuse. The DOD was investigating 75 reports of gross human rights violations, including 7 involving child sexual assault.[45] According to The New York Times, discussing that report, American law required military aid to be cut off to the offending unit, but that never happened. US Special Forces officer, Capt. Dan Quinn, was relieved of his command in Afghanistan after fighting an Afghan militia commander who had been responsible for keeping a boy as a sex slave.[46]

In fiction

The musical The Boy Who Danced on Air by Rosser & Sohne premiered off-off-Broadway in 2017.[47] Inspired by The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan documentary,[48] it follows Paiman, a bacha bazi who is growing older and will be released from slavery soon. He meets Feda, a fellow bacha bazi, and the two consider running away as they fall in love. In the background, Paiman and Feda's masters, Jahander and Zemar, reckon with America's influence on Afghanistan's society.

The production received positive to mixed reviews. Jesse Green, writing for The New York Times, said the work "[took] the challenge of difficult source material too far... The ick factor here is dangerously high, a problem that the production... labors hard to mitigate through aesthetics," and appreciated the romance but wished it had not attempted "a stab at political relevance."[48] Jonathan Mandell, writing for New York Theater, said that the Jahander subplot was "one of the ways [Rosser and Sohne] are trying to compensate for their Western perspective and the show's focus on the fictional romance. But their efforts at filling in the background don't strike me as sufficient."[49] TheaterMania's review called it "both emotionally and intellectually stirring. Anyone who cares about the future of the American musical should run out and see it now—as should anyone who cares about the country in which the United States is presently fighting the longest war in our history."[47]

After an online stream of the original production was released in July 2020,[50] the work received significant backlash from Afghans,[51] particularly LGBT Afghans, who perceived it as romanticizing child sexual abuse and criticized the white American writers for orientalism and misrepresenting bacha bazi as an accepted "tradition" in Afghanistan. The backlash led many to apologize for their involvement with the production and stream; the stream was removed ahead of schedule. After consulting with members of the Afghan community, creators Tim Rosser and Charlie Sohne acknowledged in a statement that "no Afghan voices were empowered in the creation of the show," and chose to end all distribution of the music and donate previous proceeds to Afghan charities.[52]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Haidare, Sodaba (August 11, 2020). "'Bacha bazi' outrage after pandemic takes play to the small screen". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
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  4. ^ "Causes and Consequences of Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan". Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. August 18, 2014. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  5. ^ "Boys in Afghanistan Sold Into Prostitution, Sexual Slavery" Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Journal, Nov 20, 2007
  6. ^ Arni Snaevarr (March 19, 2014). "The dancing boys of Afghanistan". United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC). Archived from the original on April 8, 2019.
  7. ^ Qobil, Rustam (September 7, 2010). "The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2016. I'm at a wedding party in a remote village in northern Afghanistan.
  8. ^ "Bacha bazi: the scandal of Afghanistan's abused boys". The Week. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  9. ^ Qobil, Rustam (September 7, 2010). "The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2016. I'm at a wedding party in a remote village in northern Afghanistan.
  10. ^ a b Mondloch, Chris (Oct 28, 2013). "Bacha Bazi: An Afghan Tragedy". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved Apr 23, 2015.
  11. ^ Wijngaarden, Jan Willem de Lind van (October 2011). "Male adolescent concubinage in Peshawar, Northwestern Pakistan". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 13 (9). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 1061–1072. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.599863. JSTOR 23047511. PMID 21815728. S2CID 5058030. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  20. ^ a b c Abdi, Ali (January 2023). "The Afghan Bachah and its Discontents: An Introductory History". Iranian Studies. 56 (Special Issue 1: Parsis and Iranians in the Modern Period).
  21. ^ a b Khan, Shivananda (September 2008). "Desk review of current literature on HIV and male-male sexualities, behaviours and sexual exploitation in Afghanistan" (PDF). Naz Foundation International.
  22. ^ Essar, Mohammad Yasir; Tsagkaris, Christos; Ghaffari, Hujjatullah; Ahmad, Shoaib; Aborode, Abdullahi Tunde; Hashim, Hashim Talib; Ahmadi, Attaullah; Mazin, Rafael; Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo (2021-04-03). "Rethinking 'Bacha Bazi', a culture of child sexual abuse in Afghanistan". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 37 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1080/13623699.2021.1926051. ISSN 1362-3699. PMID 33971772. S2CID 234361313.
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  49. ^ Mandell, Jonathan (May 28, 2017). "The Boy Who Danced on Air Review: Afghan Slaves in Homoerotic Musical". New York Theater. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
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  51. ^ "AFGHAN DIASPORA ORGANIZATIONS AND MEMBERS CONDEMN RACIST MUSICAL". Afghan Diaspora For Equality & Progress. July 16, 2020. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
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