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Fourteen Words

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Graffiti with a Nazi swastika and 14/88 on a wall in Elektrostal, Moscow, Russia
Graffiti with 1488 and an obscure message on a wall in Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast, Russia

"The Fourteen Words" (also abbreviated 14 or 1488) is a reference to two slogans originated by David Eden Lane,[1][2] one of nine founding members of the defunct white supremacist terrorist organization The Order,[3] and are accompanied by Lane's "88 Precepts." The slogans have served as a rallying cry for militant white nationalists internationally.[4]

The primary slogan in the Fourteen Words is,

We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children,[1][5][6][7]

Followed by the secondary slogan,

because the beauty of the White Aryan woman must not perish from the Earth.

The two slogans were coined prior to Lane being sentenced to 190 years in federal prison for planning and abetting the assassination of the Jewish talk show host Alan Berg, who was murdered by another member of the group in June 1984. They were popularized heavily after Lane's imprisonment.[8][9] The slogans were publicized through print company 14 Word Press, founded in St. Maries, Idaho, in 1995 by Lane's wife, Katja, to disseminate her husband's writings,[9][10] along with Ron McVan who later moved his operation to Butte, Montana, after a falling-out with Katja.[11][12]

Lane used the 14-88 numerical coding extensively throughout his spiritual, political, religious, esoteric, and philosophical tracts and notably in his "88 Precepts" manifesto. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, inspiration for the Fourteen Words "are derived from a passage in Adolf Hitler's autobiographical book Mein Kampf".[13] The Fourteen Words have been prominently used by neo-Nazis, white power skinheads and certain white nationalists and the alt-right.[14][15] "88" is used by some as a shorthand for "Heil Hitler," 'H' being the 8th letter of the alphabet,[16] though Lane viewed Nazism along with America as being part of the "Zionist conspiracy."[17]

Lane's ideology was anti-American, white separatist, and insurrectionist; he considered loyalty to the United States to be "racial treason" and upheld the acronym "Our Race Is Our Nation" ("ORION"),[18] viewing the United States as committing genocide against white people[19][20] and as having been founded as a New World Order to finalize a global Zionist government.

Being bitterly opposed to the continued existence of the United States as a political entity, and labeling it the "murderer of the White race",[9] Lane further advocated domestic terrorism as a tool to carve out a "white homeland" in the Northern Mountain States. To that end, Lane issued a declaration called "Moral Authority" published through now-defunct 14 Word Press and shared through the publications of Aryan Nations, World Church of the Creator, and other white separatist groups, referring to the United States as a "Red, White and Blue traveling mass murder machine", while asserting that "true moral authority belongs to those who resist genocide".[20]

Phrasing

[edit]

After Lane's publication of the Fourteen Words, they were adopted by white supremacists[3] and neo-Nazis,[3] white nationalists, identitarians, and members of the far-right and alt-right. The most widely used variation is "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children";[1][5][6][7] a less commonly used variation is "Because the beauty of the White Aryan woman must not perish from the earth".[21] They are sometimes combined with the number 88 to form the abbreviations "14/88" or "1488". The 8s represent the eighth letter of the alphabet, H, with "HH" standing for Heil Hitler, according to Neo-Nazis who use the code.[7] The number 88 was used by Lane as a reference to his "88 Precepts",[22] along with a secondary reference to his "88 Lines and 14 Words". "88", when combined with "14", refers to numerology in Lane's white supremacist neo-pagan religion, Wotanism.[23]

The slogan has been used in acts of white supremacist terrorism and violence.[3] It was central to the symbolism of 2008's Barack Obama assassination plot,[24] which intended to kill 88 African Americans, including future president Barack Obama (at that time the Democratic Party nominee), 14 of whom were to be beheaded.[25] Skinhead Curtis Allgier notably tattooed the words on to his body after he murdered corrections officer Stephen Anderson,[26] and Dylann Roof's race war-inspired Charleston church shooting was influenced by the slogan as was Robert Bowers' Pittsburgh synagogue shooting and Brenton Tarrant's Christchurch mosque shootings.

Origins

[edit]

A strong resemblance between the first definition of the slogan and a statement in Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf has been pointed out, but it was not pointed out by Lane, nor was it pointed out by Fourteen Word Press. Scholars such as Barry Balleck have stated that Lane was almost certainly influenced by Hitler, specifically by the following statement in Mein Kampf.[3]

What we must fight for is to safeguard the existence and reproduction of our race and our people, the sustenance of our children and the purity of our blood, the freedom and independence of the fatherland, so that our people may mature for the fulfillment of the mission allotted it by the creator of the universe. Every thought and every idea, every doctrine and all knowledge, must serve this purpose. And everything must be examined from this point of view and used or rejected according to its utility.

— Mein Kampf, Vol. I, Chapter 8[3]

According to scholar Mattias Gardell, David Lane decoded something which he termed the "Pyramid Prophecy",[27] which included the concept that the King James Version of the Bible was encoded by Sir Francis Bacon and the concept that Lane was the "man of prophecy" who is described as the "666 Sun Man"[28] incarnated to "warn and save the White Aryan Race from near extinction" a view that was censored by Ron McVan and others who found the "messianic Antichrist" claims counterproductive.[29]

Gardell's book Gods of the Blood states "The number 1776 appears in the numeric square of Mars in which is found the Star of David and its 741 formula, 741 also being the value of the 14 Words in simple English gematria." Lane claimed that both 14 word slogans came to him whilst he was asleep, and he also claimed that each slogan contained 61 letters, 20 syllables and 74 characters along with the 741 value.

Advocates

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]
  • Nick Griffin, a British politician, a former British National Party leader and an MEP, has stated that his political ideology can be summed up in the 14 Words.[30] He has claimed "everything I do is related to building a nationalist movement through which [...] those 14 words can be carried out."[31]
  • Colin Jordan (1923–2009), a leading figure in post-war neo-Nazism in Great Britain and a longtime supporter of the 14 Words; contributed to Lane's book Deceived, Damned & Defiant.[32]
  • Millennial Woes, a Scottish alt-right, neoreactionary political activist and a YouTube personality, supports the slogan and in 2017, he stated that the "14 words used to be more controversial than they are nowadays."[33] Faith Goldy has claimed that he had encouraged her to recite the slogan during an interview.[34]
  • John Tyndall (1934–2005) was a British fascist political activist who supported the 14 Words along with his party, the National Front,[35] which he was chairman of from 1972 to 1974.[36]

United States

[edit]
  • Andrew Anglin, an American white supremacist and the founder of The Daily Stormer website, frequently uses, references, and supports the slogan,[37] and has claimed, "We care not for our own egos or lives. We care only about the agenda, which is: We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children."[38]
  • Baked Alaska, an American alt-right/far-right social media personality, supports the words[39] but he does not support their creator, and he has stated that there's "nothing wrong" with the slogan. Distancing himself from its creator, he claimed, "Just because others have used them doesn't change the meaning."[40] He has frequently promoted the slogan on social media including with monetary receipts, polls, questions and memes.[41][42][43][44]
  • Craig Cobb, an American white nationalist and separatist, created the video sharing website Podblanc and started a business which he named after the 14 Words,[45] as well as tried to start a church named after Trump which later burned to the ground.[46]
  • Harold Covington (1953–2018), was an American white separatist leader and the founder of the Northwest Front organization, based on the 14 Words.[47][48]
  • Nathan Damigo, an American white supremacist, the leader of Identity Evropa and a former US Marine, supports and promotes the slogan with his organization.[49]
  • April Gaede, an American white nationalist and neo-Nazi stage mom, whose daughters (Prussian Blue) used to sing for Resistance Records; distributed David Lane's cremated remains in "14 pyramids" in order to symbolize the 14 Words.[50][51][52]
  • Matthew Heimbach, an American white supremacist and the founder of the Traditionalist Workers Party, has based a part of his party's platform on the "14 Words" and he has also affirmed them in various speeches, including a speech which he delivered to the Council of Conservative Citizens.[53][54]
  • William Daniel Johnson, an American white nationalist, attorney, and the chairman of the American Freedom Party, is an advocate of the 14 word slogan. He has stated that he and his organization "embrace principles that will secure the existence of our people and a future for our children".[13][55][56] He has claimed that Ron Paul withdrew his endorsement of him for a judgeship in California, after media reported that he was an advocate of the 14 Words.[57]
  • David Lane (1938–2007), was an American white supremacist leader and he was also a key member of the terrorist organization The Order. He is credited with creating and popularizing the 14 Words.[58] The ADL have described Lane's slogan as reflecting "the primary white supremacist worldview in the late 20th and early 21st centuries".[59]
  • Stephen McNallen, an American neo-pagan leader and the founder of the Asatru Folk Assembly, quoted the 14 Words verbatim[60] through National Vanguard magazine declaring: "The mainstream media, the left establishment, and all the usual suspects have declared that this statement is 'racist.' It is not racist, it is not White supremacist, it is not bigoted, it is in no way expressing hostility toward any racial group"[61] and based his own personal slogan "The existence of my people is not negotiable" as a simplified 14 Words.[62]
  • Tom Metzger, an American white separatist leader and the founder of White Aryan Resistance, promoted the 14 Word writings of imprisoned David Lane; he accused the United States government of murdering Lane after Lane died in 2007.[63][64]
  • Jack Posobiec, an American alt-right conspiracy theorist and a former naval intelligence officer, has repeatedly published information which is related to "1488" and as a result, he has been described as a supporter of the slogan.[65][66]
  • Billy Roper, an American white supremacist who corresponded with David Lane and founded a White power group which he named "White Revolution" and based on the 14 Words.[67]
  • Richard B. Spencer, an American white supremacist and the president of the National Policy Institute, supports the 14-worded slogan.[38]
  • Vox Day, an American writer, video game designer, and alt-right activist, supports the 14 Words,[39] promoting the slogan in his Sixteen points of the Alt-Right,[68] which placed the sentence "we must secure the existence of white people and a future for white children" as the 14th point.[69]
  • weev, an American computer hacker and an Internet troll, has shown his support for the slogan, referencing "1488" in numerous computer transactions,[70] as well as more explicitly discussing the topic on social media.[71][72]

Other nations

[edit]
  • Faith Goldy, a Canadian right-wing writer and commentator, has recited[73] and supported[74] the 14 Words,[75][76] saying "I don't see that as controversial... We want to survive."[33] After being banned by Patreon for her advocacy of the slogan, Goldy defended her views, and gathered petition signatures in public on a document which replaced "white children" with "aboriginal children", to supposedly prove the slogan was not hate speech.[34]
  • Marian Kotleba, a Slovak politician and leader of the far-right Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia political party, has been accused of demonstrating support for the slogan,[77] with reference to the 14 Words by making a €1,488 donation to three families.[78][79] The donations were used as an evidence in the court in which he was found guilty of supporting and propagating sympathies towards movements oppressing fundamental human rights and was sentenced to four years and four months in prison.[80] The ruling is not valid yet and may be appealed.[81]
[edit]
Skinhead murderer Curtis Allgier has tattoos of "14" and "88"[82]

The slogans and the numerology of "14" and "88" have been used by many white supremacists, both before and after they have committed acts of violence (such as in manifestos), as well as in symbols which have been left at the scenes of criminal acts. These include Order-member David Lane, assassination attempters Paul Schlesselman and Daniel Cowart, and murderers Dylann Roof[83] and Curtis Allgier.[82] Allgier has "14" and "88" tattooed on his forehead above and to the sides of the words "skin" and "head" above his eyes in his mugshot.[82]

Murder of Alan Berg

[edit]
Main article: Alan Berg

The assassination of Jewish talk-show host Alan Berg in June 1984 is considered as The Order's most infamous act of terrorism.[84][22] Order member Bruce Pierce served as the gunman in the murder and Lane served as the getaway driver.[85][86] During Lane's imprisonment on separate convictions (some relating to violating Alan Berg's civil rights) he created the Fourteen Words slogan. The number 14 continues to symbolize allegiance to the Aryan Nations' vision of a white homeland.[87]

Barack Obama assassination plot

[edit]
Main article: Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee

"14/88" numerology was symbolically included in the Barack Obama assassination plot in October 2008.[24] Both Neo-Nazis, Schlesselman and Cowart were introduced to each other online by a mutual friend who shared their white supremacist beliefs.[88] Within a month of meeting, they had planned to kill the Democratic Party nominee by driving at their target and shooting from their vehicle. This was to be followed by a killing spree in which the men planned to kill 88 African Americans, 14 of whom were to be beheaded. They were targeting mostly children at an unidentified, predominantly Black school.[25][89] Shortly after their arrest, their vehicle was discovered to have "14" and "88" written onto it.[22]

Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting

[edit]
Main article: Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting

Mass-shooter Wade Michael Page, who killed six and wounded four members of the Sikh community in August 2012, had been a supporter of the Fourteen Words, and was found with "14" onto a Celtic Cross tattooed on his arm,[90] after committing suicide at the scene of the crime.[91][92] About a year before the shooting, Page wrote on the Internet regarding the slogan, "Passive submission is indirect support to the oppressors. Stand up for yourself and live the 14 words."[93]

Charleston church shooting

[edit]
Main article: Charleston church massacre

After the Charleston mass-murder shooting in June 2015, Dylann Roof's ideology and apparent manifesto emerged in the media with multiple references to "1488";[94] these included several photos of Roof pictured alongside the numbers.[95] He symbolically brought 88 bullets to the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church to carry out the shooting, in which nine African Americans were killed.[96][97]

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

[edit]
Main article: Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

Robert Bowers, the gunman suspected of killing 11 people and wounding 6 at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, included the numeric code "1488" in the header image of his Gab social media account.[98][99] Bowers also expressed Christian Identity rhetoric declaring "the lord jesus christ is come in the flesh" while espousing anti-Semitic views that "jews are children of satan".[100]

Christchurch mosque shootings

[edit]
Main article: Christchurch mosque shootings

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian shooter responsible for the attacks on two mosques in New Zealand, posted images on Twitter of firearms and published his manifesto "The Great Replacement" which both had the neo-Nazi symbol Black Sun and the slogan (as "14" or "14 Words") written on the weapons and also in the manifesto. The firearms were used in the shooting. He also cited the slogan in the manifesto proper.[101][102][103]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Hate on Display: 14 words". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
  2. ^ Michael, George (2009). "David Lane and the Fourteen Words". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 10 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1080/14690760903067986. ISSN 1469-0764. S2CID 145438802.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Balleck, Barry (2018). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 4. ISBN 978-1440852749.
  4. ^ "Supreme Court Requires Prisons Give Special Consideration to Racist Pagans". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b Dunbar, Edward; Blanco, Amalio; Crèvecoeur-MacPhail, Desirée A. (21 November 2016). The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 91–. ISBN 9781440839078. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  6. ^ a b Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (1 May 2015). The Routledge History of Genocide. Routledge. pp. 211–. ISBN 9781317514848. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Ruiz, Stephen (11 January 2017). "A Complete Dictionary of White Supremacist Slang and Symbols". Complex. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  8. ^ "The murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 years later". The Denver Post. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Federal authorities tried four suspects in 1987 and the two found guilty were convicted of violating Berg's civil rights. Lane, then 49, was sentenced to 150 years.
  9. ^ a b c "David Lane". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 18 November 2019. In 1987, Lane was additionally accused of violating Berg's civil rights by helping to assassinate him, a federal charge. While Lane did not pull the trigger, prosecutors said he drove the getaway car and played a large role in the planning of Berg's murder. He was sentenced to 150 years in prison.
  10. ^ "David Lane". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  11. ^ "'Wotanism' ritual in Butte". 22 March 2021.
  12. ^ "Standard view: A powerful photo, and powerful reasons to publish it". 26 March 2021.
  13. ^ a b "The American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. The American Freedom Party (formerly American Third Position) is a political party initially established by racist Southern California skinheads that aims to deport immigrants and return the United States to white rule.
  14. ^ "14 Words, Know Your Meme". Know Your Meme. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  15. ^ "14 Words". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Racist Skinhead Glossary".
  17. ^ "Swedish Academic Mattias Gardell Discusses the Rise of Neo-Paganism in America". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. 21 March 2001. Lane says that from the very beginning, America was part of the Zionist conspiracy. To him, that is why the American military has been engaged in all these wars ever since the country's foundation. All these wars, in Lane's view, were fought to force the nations of the world to submit to the Zionist dictatorship.
  18. ^ "ORION".
  19. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 67.
  20. ^ a b "David Lane". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008.
  21. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 69.
  22. ^ a b c James Ridgeway (28 October 2008). "Fourteen Words that spell racism". The Guardian.
  23. ^ Stephen Ruiz. "A Complete Dictionary of White Supremacist Slang and Symbols". Complex.
  24. ^ a b Lichtblau, Eric (27 October 2008). "Arrests in Plan to Kill Obama and Black Schoolchildren". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  25. ^ a b Date, Jack (27 October 2008). "Feds thwart alleged Obama assassination plot". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
  26. ^ Sanchez, Casey (23 August 2007). "Face of Hate: Curtis Allgier". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  27. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 203, 381.
  28. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 203.
  29. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 382.
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  31. ^ Griffin, Nick (6 May 2014). "Nick Griffin's vision for BNP-led Britain shown in 1990s police interviews". The Guardian.
  32. ^ Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement: Hitler's Echo. p. 230.
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  34. ^ a b Holt, Jared (29 May 2018). "Faith Goldy Defends Her Recital Of '14 Words'". Right Wing Watch.
  35. ^ Childs, Simon (14 September 2015). "We Watched Nazis Fight Anti-Fascists in England on Saturday". Vice Media.
  36. ^ "Scottish election: National Front profile". BBC News. 13 April 2011.
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  38. ^ a b "Richard Spencer Is Making Common Cause with Neo-Nazis". Anti-Defamation League. 20 December 2016.
  39. ^ a b "From Alt Right to Alt Lite: Naming the Hate". Anti-Defamation League.
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  41. ^ Barrouquere, Brett (16 November 2017). "Verified no more, Twitter drops blue check from white nationalists' accounts". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  42. ^ Feldman, Brian (14 August 2017). "The 'Ironic Nazi' Is Coming to an End". New York Magazine Intelligencer.
  43. ^ Holt, Jared (3 May 2018). "Alt-Right Grifter 'Baked Alaska' Is Plotting A Comeback On YouTube". Right Wing Watch.
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  46. ^ Derek Hawkins (24 March 2017). "Neo-Nazi bought church with plans to name it after Trump. A fire destroyed it". The Washington Post Morning Mix blog.
  47. ^ Kiley, Brendan. "Dylann Roof and His Fascination with a Seattle-Based White Power Group". The Stranger.
  48. ^ Chuck Tanner (31 July 2018). "Harold Covington Dies. Which Way the Northwest Front?". IREHR.
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  50. ^ "April Gaede". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  51. ^ Scherr, Sonia (25 January 2010). "Neo-Nazi Stage Mom Seeks a New Line of Work". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  52. ^ Keller, Larry (11 March 2009). "Combat 18 Accused of Purloining David Lane's Ashes". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  53. ^ Carter, Allison; King, Bobby (15 August 2017). "What we know about Matthew Heimbach, Indiana white nationalist who helped promote Charlottesville". The Indianapolis Star.
  54. ^ "Matthew Heimbach". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  55. ^ Nguyen, Tina (11 May 2016). "Donald Trump's White-Supremacist Delegate May Be Here to Stay". Vanity Fair.
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  60. ^ "Neo-Volkisch". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  61. ^ Hanson, Bradford (12 March 2017). "What Stephen McNallen Really Thinks About Race". National Vanguard. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  62. ^ Gardell (2003), p. 283.
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  64. ^ Michael, George (2016). "Chapter 3: This is War! Tom Metzger, White Aryan Resistance, and the Lone Wolf Legacy". In Morgan, Joshua B. (ed.). Focus on Terrorism. Vol. 14. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63484-352-2.
  65. ^ Cody Johnston [@drmistercody] (24 July 2018). "Jack: "Being the president of a country is the same as directing superhero films. Also, here's the secret Nazi code 14/88 a few times."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  66. ^ Iannelli, Jerry (28 September 2017). "Florida State Rep. Wants Attacking "Political Affiliation" to Be Hate Crime". Miami New Times.
  67. ^ "Billy Roper". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  68. ^ Simon Murdoch (22 May 2017). "Online alt-right to use facial recognition to track anti-fascists". Hope Not Hate.
  69. ^ Auerbach, David (17 September 2017). "The Sci-Fi Roots of the Far Right – From 'Lucifer's Hammer' to Newt's Moon Base to Donald's Wall". The Daily Beast.
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  73. ^ Hayden, Michael Edison (16 April 2018). "Ann Coulter Retweets White Nationalist Charlottesville Leader Who Attacked Trump With Syria Conspiracy Theory". Newsweek.
  74. ^ "How badly is the Bundy case screwed up? Media gear up for voting-rights assault; Faith Goldy recites, embraces the '14 Words'; and more". Southern Poverty Law Center. 21 December 2017.
  75. ^ Yun, Tom (26 March 2018). "Open letter petitions U of T to rescind Faith Goldy's student leadership award". The Varsity.
  76. ^ Taylor, Nick (27 March 2018). "Why We Can't Welcome Faith Goldy". Arthur.
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  81. ^ Spectator Staff (12 October 2020). "Kotleba sentenced to four years and four months in prison". The Slovak Spectator.
  82. ^ a b c Reavy, Pat (28 June 2007). "Tattoos tell a tale of intimidation". Deseret News. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  83. ^ Siemaszko, Corky (9 December 2016). "Dylann Roof's Videotaped Confession Stuns Courtroom". NBCNews.com. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  84. ^ Schechter, Asher (6 January 2017). "What Are the '14 Words' Everyone's Been Freaking Out About?". Haaretz.
  85. ^ "Hatewatch". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  86. ^ "Terrorist, '14 Words' Author, Dies in Prison". Southern Poverty Law Center. 1 October 2017.
  87. ^ Day, Meagan (4 November 2016). "Welcome to Hayden Lake, Where White Supremacists Tried to Build Their Homeland". Timeline. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  88. ^ Baird, Woody; DeMillo, Andrew (30 October 2008). "Authorities say skinhead plot wasn't fully formed". Associated Press. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  89. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (27 October 2008). "Arrests in plan to kill Obama and Black schoolchildren". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
  90. ^ Weinstein, Adam (6 August 2012). "The Sikh Temple Shooter's Racist Tattoos, Deciphered". Mother Jones.
  91. ^ Goodwin, Matthew (8 August 2012). "Wade Michael Page and the rise of violent far-right extremism". The Guardian.
  92. ^ Rogers, Abby (10 August 2012). "Wade Michael Page Became A Radical Racist In The US Army". Business Insider.
  93. ^ Goldman, Russell (7 August 2012). "Cracking Wisconsin Gunman's Secret Racist Tattoo Code". ABC News.
  94. ^ Jeffery, Clara; West, James (20 June 2015). "The Deeply Racist References in Dylann Roof's Apparent Manifesto, Decoded". Mother Jones.
  95. ^ Crilly, Rob (21 June 2015). "Charleston church massacre: Things we learned from shooter Dylann Roof's racist manifesto". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  96. ^ AJ Willingham (22 February 2017). "These are the new symbols of hate". CNN.
  97. ^ Maxwell, Tonya; Smith, Tim (11 January 2017). "Federal jury sentences Dylann Roof to death". USA Today.
  98. ^ "Robert Bowers: See Squirrel Hill Suspect's Social Media". Heavy.com. 27 October 2018.
  99. ^ Weill, Kelly (27 October 2018). "Synagogue Suspect Hated Trump—for Not Hating Jews". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  100. ^ Zezima, Katie; Lowery, Wesley (27 October 2018). "Suspected synagogue shooter appears to have railed against Jews, refugees online". The Washington Post.
  101. ^ "Mosque shooting: Christchurch gunman livestreamed shooting". The New Zealand Herald. 15 March 2019. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  102. ^ Gelineau, Kristen (16 March 2019). "Mosque shooter a white nationalist seeking revenge". The Associated Press. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  103. ^ Gambrell, Jon (15 March 2019). "Mosque shooter brandished white supremacist iconography". The Associated Press. Retrieved 17 March 2019.

Sources

[edit]
  • Gardell, Mattias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism.
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