Jurnalistik tarjima

Jurnalistik tarjima, asosan, gazetalarda qoʻllaniladigan tarjima turidir. Yangiliklar tarjimasi sifatida ham tanilgan jurnalistik tarjima tadqiqoti (inglizcha: Journalistic translation research, JTR) tarjimashunoslikdagi eng yangi sohalardan biridir^[1]. Sohaga doir birinchi tadqiqotlar 2000-yillarning oʻrtalarida oʻtkazilgan, ammo gazetalarda tarjimalar XVII asrda paydo boʻla boshlagan^[2].

Kontekst

Birinchi xabar matnlari qoʻlyozma shaklda tarqalgan boʻlib, bu dastlabki matnlarning oz qismi bugungi kunda ham mavjud^[3]. Dastlabki gazetalar avvisi (italyancha) deb nomlangan. ^[4] Kishilar dunyoda ro‘y berayotgan taʼsirli voqealardan xabardor boʻlishlari uchun tarjima jurnalistikaning ajralmas qismi bo‘lib kelgan va hozir ham shunday bo‘lib qoladi. Misol uchun, Birinchi va Ikkinchi Jahon urushlari davrida Yevropa va Yaqin Sharqda boʻlayotgan janglar haqida odamlarni xabardor qilishning usullaridan biri jurnalistik tarjima edi^[3].

XVII asrda Angliyada jurnalistik tarjima

Angliyada paydo boʻlgan dastlabki gazetalar lotin, nemis va fransuz tillaridan tarjima qilingan materiallardan tashkil topgan edi^[5]. Yevropaning turli qismlarida nashr etilgan matnlarning tarjimasidan tashkil topgan Corante gazetasi asosan Amsterdam, Alkmaar va Gaagada nashr etilgan Gollandiya modeliga taqlidan chop etilgan. Bu Angliyada chop etilgan birinchi gazeta ekanligi aytiladi^[5].

London Gazetasi

XVII asr oxirida London gazetasi Ispaniyadagi urushlar, shuningdek, Ispaniya qirolichasining nikohi haqidagi yangiliklarni nashr etdi^[6] Shuningdek, 1693-yilda gazeta Flandriyadagi Landen jangi toʻgʻrisida urushda halok boʻlgan inson hayotining fojiali natijalarini ifoda etilgan maqola chop etdi^[6].

1698 va 1699 yillarda The London Gazette papistlar haqida xabar nashr etdi (1698-yilda imperator va papa oʻrtasidagi kelishmovchilik va 1699-yilda Ispaniyada Buyuk inkvizitorning tayinlanishi)^[7].

Shved razvedkasi

Jurnalistik tarjimaning yana bir namunasi William Watts tomonidan asos solingan Swedish Intelligencer (Shved razvedkasi) gazetasi edi. 1632-1633-yillarda Londonda nashr etilgan gazetada tarjimalar manba sifatida havola qilingan. Misol uchun, muallif nashr etgan yangiliklari golland manbalaridan olinganini ochiq bayon etgan^[8]. Ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarini tejash uchun matnlar kamdan kam hollarda muharrirlarga ega boʻlgan.

Boshqa misollar

Qitʼa risolalarining baʼzi tarjimonlari, asosan, Fransiyadan diniy masalalar sabab quvgʻinga uchragan qochqinlar edi^[9]. Quvgʻinlardan qochgan fransuz gugenotlari tarjimon sifatida faoliyat yuritishgan.

1702-yil 11-martda chop etilganThe Daily Courant gazetasining birinchi soni bitta fransuz va ikkita golland gazetalarining sof tarjimalaridan iborat edi^[10]. Matnlar ortidagi maʼno katoliklarga qarshi ekanligi aniq tasvirlangan^[11].

Manbalar

↑ Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.
↑ Espejo, Cala (2011). "European communication networks in the early modern age. A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism". Media History 17 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.554730. See page 192.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Espejo, Cala (2011). "European communication networks in the early modern age. A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism". Media History 17 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.554730. See page 189.
↑ Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Beller, Elmer A. (1 January 1927). "Contemporary English Printed Sources for the Thirty Years' War". The American Historical Review 32 (2): 276–282. doi:10.1086/ahr/32.2.276. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1927-01_32_2/page/276.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 „Early English Books Online“.
↑ „Early English Books Online“.„Early English Books Online“.
↑ Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.
↑ Clarke, Bob. From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Reviewed in Read, D. (2007). "From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899". The English Historical Review (495): 258–259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443. https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2007-02_122_495/page/258.
↑ Clarke, Bob. From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Clarke, Bob (2004). From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Reviewed in Read, D. (2007). "From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899". The English Historical Review (495): 258–259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443. https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2007-02_122_495/page/258. Read, D. (2007). „From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899“. The English Historical Review (495): 258-259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443.
↑ Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.

[:5-1] Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.

[2] Espejo, Cala (2011). "European communication networks in the early modern age. A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism". Media History 17 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.554730. See page 192.

[:0-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Espejo, Cala (2011). "European communication networks in the early modern age. A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism". Media History 17 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.554730. See page 189.

[4] Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.

[:1-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Beller, Elmer A. (1 January 1927). "Contemporary English Printed Sources for the Thirty Years' War". The American Historical Review 32 (2): 276–282. doi:10.1086/ahr/32.2.276. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1927-01_32_2/page/276.

[:2-6] 6,0 ^6,1 „Early English Books Online“.

[7] „Early English Books Online“.„Early English Books Online“.

[8] Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.

[:3-9] Clarke, Bob. From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Reviewed in Read, D. (2007). "From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899". The English Historical Review (495): 258–259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443. https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2007-02_122_495/page/258.

[10] Clarke, Bob. From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Clarke, Bob (2004). From Grub Street to Fleet Street. An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-5007-2. Reviewed in Read, D. (2007). "From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899". The English Historical Review (495): 258–259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443. https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2007-02_122_495/page/258. Read, D. (2007). „From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899“. The English Historical Review (495): 258-259. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel443.

[11] Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). "Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More". Perspectives 23 (4): 634–632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187. Valdeón, Roberto A. (2015). „Fifteen Years of Journalistic Translation Research and More“. Perspectives. 23 (4): 634-632. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1057187.

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