Global lead reserves 2023, by major country

Australia had the world’s largest reserves of lead as of 2023, amounting to 35 million metric tons that year. China had the second-largest lead reserves at that time, amounting to 20 million metric tons. The total global reserves of lead amounted to 95 million metric tons in 2023.

Global lead industry figures

In 2023, China was the leading producer of lead worldwide, despite having the second-largest lead reserves in the world. That year, China produced an estimated 1.9 million metric tons of lead. The market price of lead in North America has fluctuated slightly in recent years: in 2015 the price was 91.2 U.S. cents per pound, while the 2023 price stood at an estimated 115 U.S. cents per pound.

Lead and its uses

Lead is a naturally occurring element that is soft and malleable. It is a post-transition metal that is very dense and is easily tarnished to a dull grey color. Lead’s use by humans dates back to 7000-6500 BCE, first found in modern day Anatolia. Ancient Egyptians first used it in cosmetics, and as well as likely having used the metal in glasses, enamels, and as weights for fishing nets. In recent decades, however the use of lead has decreased due to health concerns. Prolonged exposure to lead can cause negative health effects. Regardless of these negative health effects, it is still seen as a valuable commodity. It remains commonly used in car batteries, pigments, lifting weights, and ammunition. The total global consumption of refined lead in 2023 amounted to approximately 11.7 million metric tons.