Voiceless glottal fricative
consonantal sound
The voiceless glottal fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨h⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨h⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "h" in hear and have.
Voiceless glottal fricative | |
---|---|
h | |
IPA Number | 146 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | h |
Unicode (hex) | U+0068 |
X-SAMPA | h |
Features
change- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is glottal. This means that this sound is produced at the vocal cords (vocal folds) and by the vocal cords.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
Examples
changeLanguage | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | Shapsug | хыгь/khyg' | [həɡʲ] | 'now' |
Albanian | hire | [hiɾɛ][stress?] | 'the graces' | |
Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | هائل/haa'il | [ˈhaːʔɪl] | 'enormous' |
Assyrian | Eastern | ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta | [heːmaːnuːta] | 'faith' |
Western | ܗܪܟܗ harcë | [hεrcɪ] | 'here' | |
Armenian | Eastern[2] | հայերեն/hayeren | [hɑjɛɾɛn] (help·info) | 'Armenian' |
Asturian | South-central dialects | ḥuerza | [ˈhweɾθɐ] | 'force' |
Oriental dialects | ḥacer | [haˈθeɾ] | "to do" | |
Avar | гьа | [ha] | 'oath' | |
Azeri | hin | [hɪn] | 'chicken coop' | |
Basque | North-Eastern dialects[3] | hirur | [hiɾur] | 'three' |
Bengali | হাওয়া/haoua | [hao̯a] | 'wind' | |
Berber | aherkus | [ahərkus] | 'shoe' | |
Cantabrian | muḥer | [muˈheɾ] | 'woman' | |
Catalan | ehem | [eˈhẽm] | 'ha!' | |
Chechen | хӏара / hara | [hɑrɐ] | 'this' | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 海 / hói | [hɔːi̯˧˥] | 'sea' |
Taiwanese Mandarin | 海 / hǎi | [haɪ̯˨˩˦] | ||
Danish[4] | hus | [ˈhuːˀs] | 'house' | |
English | high | [haɪ̯] | 'high' | |
Esperanto | hejmo | [ˈhejmo] | 'home' | |
Eastern Lombard | Val Camonica | Bresa | [ˈbrɛha] | 'Brescia' |
Estonian | hammas | [ˈhɑmˑɑs] | 'tooth' | |
Faroese | hon | [hoːn] | 'she' | |
Finnish | hammas | [ˈhɑmːɑs] | 'tooth' | |
French | Belgian | hotte | [hɔt] | 'pannier' |
Galician | Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects | gato | [ˈhätʊ] | 'cat' |
Georgian[5] | ჰავა/hava | [hɑvɑ] | 'climate' | |
German[6] | Hass | [has] | 'hatred' | |
Greek | Cypriot[7] | μαχαζί/mahazi | [mahaˈzi] | 'shop' |
Hawaiian[8] | haka | [ˈhɐkə] | 'shelf' | |
Hebrew | הַר/har | [häʁ̞] | 'mountain' | |
Hindi | Standard[1] | हम/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' |
Hmong | hawm | [haɨ̰] | 'to honor' | |
Hungarian | helyes | [ˈhɛjɛʃ] | 'right' | |
Irish | shroich | [hɾˠɪç] | 'reached' | |
Italian | Tuscan[9] | i capitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' |
Japanese | すはだ / suhada | [sɨᵝhada] | 'bare skin' | |
Javanese | ꦩꦲ/Maha | [mɔhɔ] | The expert, Almighty one | |
Kabardian | тхылъхэ/ tkhyl"khė | [tχɪɬhɑ] | 'books' | |
Khmer | ហឹរ / hœ̆r ចាស់ / chăs |
[hər] [cah] |
'spicy' 'old' | |
Korean | 하루 / haru | [hɐɾu] | 'day' | |
Lakota | ho | [ho] | 'voice' | |
Lao | ຫ້າ/haa | [haː˧˩] | 'five' | |
Leonese | guaje | [ˈwahe̞] | 'boy' | |
Lezgian | гьек/g'ek | [hek] | 'glue' | |
Limburgish | Some dialects[10][11] | hòs | [hɔːs] | 'glove' |
Luxembourgish[12] | hei | [hɑ̝ɪ̯] | 'here' | |
Malay | hari | [hari] | 'day' | |
Mutsun | hučekniš | [hut͡ʃɛkniʃ] | 'dog' | |
Navajo | hastiin | [hàsd̥ìːn] | 'mister' | |
Norwegian | hatt | [hɑtː] | 'hat' | |
Pashto | هو/ho | [ho] | 'yes' | |
Persian | هفت/haft | [hæft] | 'seven' | |
Pirahã | hi | [hì] | 'he' | |
Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects[13] | marreta | [maˈhetɐ] | 'sledgehammer' |
Most dialects | Honda | [ˈhõ̞dɐ] | 'Honda' | |
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) | arte | [ˈahtʃ] | 'art' | |
Colloquial Brazilian[14][15] | chuvisco | [ɕuˈvihku] | 'drizzle' | |
Romanian | hăț | [həts] | 'bridle' | |
Scottish Gaelic | ro-sheòl | [ɾɔˈhɔːɫ] | 'topsail'[16] | |
Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[17] | hmelj | [hmê̞ʎ̟] | 'hops' |
Spanish[18] | Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish | higo | [ˈhiɣo̞] | 'fig' |
Many dialects | obispo | [o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞] | 'bishop' | |
Some dialects | jaca | [ˈhaka] | 'pony' | |
Swedish | hatt | [ˈhatː] | 'hat' | |
Sylheti | ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh | [hamux] | 'snail' | |
Thai | ห้า/haa | [haː˥˩] | 'five' | |
Turkish | halı | [häˈɫɯ] | 'carpet' | |
Ubykh | дуаха | [dwaha] | 'prayer' | |
Ukrainian | кігті | [ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i] | 'claws' | |
Urdu | Standard[1] | ہم/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' |
Vietnamese[19] | hiểu | [hjew˧˩˧] | 'understand' | |
Welsh | haul | [ˈhaɨl] | 'sun' | |
West Frisian | hoeke | [ˈhukə] | 'corner' | |
Yi | ꉐ / hxa | [ha˧] | 'hundred' |
Notes
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Thelwall (1990:38)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:125)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:86–87)
- ↑ Arvaniti (1999:175)
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ↑ Hall (1944:75)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ↑ Peters (2006:117)
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
- ↑ (in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "ro-sheòl". www.faclair.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999:68)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
change- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178, doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X, S2CID 163926812, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-06, retrieved 2022-02-22
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Kohler, Klaus (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448, S2CID 145231104
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). A Greek Grammar for Colleges. American Book Company. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via CCEL.
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925). Old English Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.