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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317319/
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. 2024 Sep;291(2031):20240966.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0966. Epub 2024 Sep 25.

Accounting for extinction dynamics unifies the geological and biological histories of Indo-Australian Archipelago

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Accounting for extinction dynamics unifies the geological and biological histories of Indo-Australian Archipelago

Leonel Herrera-Alsina et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2024 Sep.

Abstract

Biogeographical reconstructions of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) have suggested a recent spread across the Sunda and Sahul shelves of lineages with diverse origins, which appears to be congruent with a geological history of recent tectonic uplift in the region. However, this scenario is challenged by new geological evidence suggesting that the Sunda shelf was never submerged prior to the Pliocene, casting doubt on the interpretation of recent uplift and the correspondence of evidence from biogeography and geology. A mismatch between geological and biogeographical data may occur if analyses ignore the dynamics of extinct lineages, because this may add uncertainty to the timing and origin of clades in biogeographical reconstructions. We revisit the historical biogeography of multiple IAA taxa and explicitly allow for the possibility of lineage extinction. In contrast to models assuming zero extinction, we find that all of these clades, including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, have a common and widespread geographic origin, and each has spread and colonized the region much earlier than previously thought. The results for the eight clades re-examined in this article suggest that they diversified and spread during the early Eocene, which helps to unify the geological and biological histories of IAA.

Keywords: biogeography; dispersal; extinction dynamics; interdisciplinarity; vicariance.

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Conflict of interest statement

We declare we have no competing interests.

Figures

Geographic origins of eight clades in the IAA.
Figure 1.
Geographic origins of eight clades in the IAA. For each dataset, we reconstruct the geographic distribution of the clade’s common ancestor while assuming intermediate and zero rates of lineage extinction.
Reconstructed species richness over time across the IAA.
Figure 2.
Reconstructed species richness over time across the IAA under intermediate rates of extinction scenario for eight taxonomic groups: (1) crabs, (2) parachuting frogs, (3) Pseuduvaria treelets, (4) orchids, (5) breadfruit, (6) taros, (7) Cyrtandra herbs, and (8) crickets. Colour code shows the relative number of species inhabiting each location at each time point. Notice that widespread ancestors contribute to the species richness of several locations. Time scale on the left is in millions of years. Similar figures but assuming low and high rates of extinction can be found in the electronic supplementary material.
Rates of range evolution (colonization and extirpation), in situ and vicariant.
Figure 3.
Rates of range evolution (colonization and extirpation), in situ speciation and vicariant speciation estimated during the reconstruction of ancestral geographic distribution for eight clades. For each dataset, we modelled three different scenarios that assume low, intermediate and high rates of lineage extinction.

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