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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39144217/
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. 2024 Jul 31:15:1413447.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1413447. eCollection 2024.

The potential linkage between sediment oxygen demand and microbes and its contribution to the dissolved oxygen depletion in the Gan River

Shoutao Cheng  1 , Fansheng Meng  2 , Yeyao Wang  1   3 , Jiasheng Zhang  2 , Lingsong Zhang  2
Affiliations

The potential linkage between sediment oxygen demand and microbes and its contribution to the dissolved oxygen depletion in the Gan River

Shoutao Cheng et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

The role of sediment oxygen demand (SOD) in causing dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion is widely acknowledged, with previous studies mainly focusing on chemical and biological SOD separately. However, the relationship between the putative functions of sediment microbes and SOD, and their impact on DO depletion in overlying water, remains unclear. In this study, DO depletion was observed in the downstream of the Gan River during the summer. Sediments were sampled from three downstream sites (YZ, Down1, and Down2) and one upstream site (CK) as a control. Aquatic physicochemical parameters and SOD levels were measured, and microbial functions were inferred from taxonomic genes through analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that DO depletion sites exhibited a higher SOD rate compared to CK. The microbial community structure was influenced by the spatial variation of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidota, with total organic carbon (TOC) content acting as a significant environmental driver. A negative correlation was observed between microbial diversity and DO concentration (p < 0.05). Aerobic microbes were more abundant in DO depletion sites, particularly Proteobacteria. Microbes involved in various biogeochemical cycles, such as carbon (methane oxidation, methanotrophs, and methylotrophs), nitrogen (nitrification and denitrification), sulfur (sulfide and sulfur compound oxidation), and manganese cycles (manganese oxidation), exhibited higher abundance in DO depletion sites, except for the iron cycle (iron oxidation). These processes were negatively correlated with DO concentration and positively with SOD (p < 0.05). Overall, the results highlight that aerobic bacteria's metabolic processes consume oxygen, increasing the SOD rate and contributing to DO depletion in the overlying water. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of targeting the removal of in situ microbial molecular mechanisms associated with toxic H2S and CH4 to support reoxygenation efforts in rehabilitating DO depletion sites in the Gan River, aiding in identifying factors controlling DO consumption and offering practical value for the river's restoration and management.

Keywords: Gan River; dissolved oxygen depletion; putative functions of sediment microbes; sediment; sediment oxygen demand.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The map of four sampling sites selected in Gan River, China. The red circles indicate the sampling sites (see Supplementary Table S1 for details).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L) in overlying water (A) and sediment oxygen demand (SOD, g m−2 d−1) in sediment (B) samples.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Microbial α-diversity index (A) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of different sites on microbial composition based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and ANOSIM analysis (B) in sediment along the Gan River.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The relative abundance of the predominant microbial community in sediments: top 10 at the phylum level (A) and top 30 at the genus level (B). The genus data were normalized using a log transformation. Numbers 1 to −1 on the scale bar represent the number of standard deviations from the mean z-score.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Differential OTUs along the Gan River. (A) Shared and unique OTUs within four sites analyzed by the Venn plot. The number and percentage represent the shared and unique OTUs. (B) Overall distribution of differential OTUs. The differential OTUs analyzed by volcano plot between YZ and other sites, respectively; an adjusted p-value <0.01 is indicated in purple, while an adjusted p-value ≥0.01 is indicated in blue; the number of differential OTUs between two sites is marked in red.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of sediment microbial communities at the phylum level with environmental factors of water (A) and sediment (B), respectively. Network analysis of sediment microbial communities with environmental factors of water (C) and sediment (D). The criteria were p < 0.05 and r > |0.6|; red and green lines represent the positive and negative correlations between microbes and environmental factors, respectively; the thickness of the edges is proportional to the strength of the correlation; the color of nodes represents the microbes at the phylum level.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Phenotype of microbial communities predicted by using BugBase. (A) The mean proportions of phenotype and Kruskal–Wallis H test analyzed on phenotype. (B) The relative abundance of phenotype contribution at the phylum level.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Functional categories (KEGG) of bacterial communities using PICRUSt2 analysis. (A) The heatmap of relative abundance on pathway level 2. (B) Kruskal–Wallis H test on pathway level 3.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The ecological functions of sediment bacteria predicted by FAPROTAX. (A) The abundance of ecological functional groups of bacteria. (B) The correlation heatmap of the abundance of functional microbial groups and water physicochemical parameters. (C) The correlation heatmap of the abundance of functional microbial groups and sediment physicochemical parameters. Numbers 2 to −2 on the scale bar represent the number of standard deviations from the scale. Number of scale bars: 1 (purple), positive relationship; −1 (green), negative relationship. “*” represents the degree of significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Overview of the biogeochemical process in the sediments of the Gan River. C cycle is shown in green; N cycle is shown in blue; S cycle is shown in pink; Fe cycle is shown in red; and Mn cycle is shown in purple. The thickness of the line corresponds to the abundance of functional microbial groups.
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Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC3200100) and the Joint Research Project II on Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of the Yangtze River (2022-LHYJ-02-0506-09).

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