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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39057241/
Phylogenetics, Molecular Species Delimitation and Geometric Morphometrics of All Reddish-Brown Species in the Genus Neotriplax Lewis, 1887 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini) - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2024 Jul 6;15(7):508.
doi: 10.3390/insects15070508.

Phylogenetics, Molecular Species Delimitation and Geometric Morphometrics of All Reddish-Brown Species in the Genus Neotriplax Lewis, 1887 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini)

Jing Liu  1 , Huixin Xu  1 , Ziqing Wang  1 , Panpan Li  2 , Zihan Yan  3 , Ming Bai  1   2 , Jing Li  1
Affiliations

Phylogenetics, Molecular Species Delimitation and Geometric Morphometrics of All Reddish-Brown Species in the Genus Neotriplax Lewis, 1887 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritomini)

Jing Liu et al. Insects. .

Abstract

To date, five species of reddish-brown Neotriplax have been described, but their highly similar body color and other phenotypic traits make accurate taxonomy challenging. To clarify species-level taxonomy and validate potential new species, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was used for phylogenetic analysis and the geometric morphometrics of elytron, pronotum, and hind wing were employed to distinguish all reddish-brown Neotriplax species. Phylogenetic results using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of COI sequences aligned well with the current taxonomy of the Neotriplax species group. Significant K2P divergences, with no overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic distances, were obtained in Neotriplax species. The automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), assemble species by automatic partitioning (ASAP), and generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) approaches concurred, dividing the similar species into eight molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Geometric morphometric analysis using pronotum, elytron, hind wing shape and wing vein patterns also validated the classification of all eight species. By integrating these analytical approaches with morphological evidence, we successfully delineated the reddish-brown species of Neotriplax into eight species with three new species: N. qinghaiensis sp. nov., N. maoershanensis sp. nov., and N. guangxiensis sp. nov. Furthermore, we documented the first record of N. lewisii in China. This study underscores the utility of an integrative taxonomy approach in species delimitation within Neotriplax and serves as a reference for the taxonomic revision of other morphologically challenging beetles through integrative taxonomy.

Keywords: DNA barcoding; geometric morphometrics; phylogeny; species delimitation; systematics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Description of the curves (a) and semi-landmarks (SLM) (b) of the pronotum and elytron used in the geometric morphometric analysis (Neotriplax miwai). The blue dots stand for starting and ending points.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Description of the curves of the wing shape (A(a)) and semi-landmarks (SLM). (B(a)); Distribution of veins (A(b)) and 19 landmarks (B(b)) in the wing used in the geometric morphometric analysis (Neotriplax arisana). The blue dots stand for starting and ending points.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic relationships among the genus of Neotriplax. Shown here is the phylogeny inferred from the COI gene using ML and BI. The number on the left represents ultrafast bootstrap support (BS, %) and the number on the right represents the posterior probabilities (PP).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Shape variation in pronotum in Neotriplax. (a) The proportion of the total variation explained by each principal component based on the contour of the pronotum. (b)Variation in the pronotum along PC1. (c) Variation in the pronotum along PC2.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The pronotum morphological variations in Neotriplax based on PCA (a) and CVA (b). The 90% equal frequency ellipses containing approximately 90% of the data points.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Shape variation trend of elytron in Neotriplax. (a) The proportion of the total variation explained by each principal component based on the contour of the elytron. (b) Variation in the elytron along PC1. (c) Variation in the elytron along PC2.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The elytron morphological variations in Neotriplax based on PCA (a) and CVA (b). The 90% equal frequency ellipses containing approximately 90% of the data points.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Shape variation trend of hind wing shape and wing vein in Neotriplax. (a) The proportion of the total variation explained by each principal component based on contour of wing shape and wing vein. (b)Variation in the wing shape and wing vein along PC1. (c) Variation in the wing shape and wing vein along PC2.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The wing shape and wing vein morphological variations in Neotriplax based on PCA (a) and CVA (b). The 90% equal frequency ellipses containing approximately 90% of the data points.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Dorsal and ventral habitus of Neotriplax lewisii Crotch, 1873. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view, scales: 1 mm (A).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Dorsal and ventral habitus of Neotriplax qinghaiensis Liu and Li, sp. nov. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view, scales: 1 mm (A).
Figure 12
Figure 12
The mouthparts of Neotriplax qinghaiensis sp. nov. (a); Neotriplax maoershanensis sp. nov. (b); Neotriplax guangxiensis sp. nov. (c). Scales: 0.5 mm (A).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Neotriplax qinghaiensis sp. nov. (a); Neotriplax maoershanensis sp. nov. (b); Neotriplax guangxiensis sp. nov. (c). Aedeagus in lateral views, scales: 1 mm (A).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Neotriplax qinghaiensis sp. nov. (a); Neotriplax maoershanensis sp. nov. (b); Neotriplax guangxiensis sp. nov. (c). Female genitalia and female spermatheca. Scales: 1 mm (A); scales: 0.5 mm (B).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Dorsal and ventral habitus of Neotriplax maoershanensis Liu and Li, sp. nov. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view, scales: 1 mm (A).
Figure 16
Figure 16
Dorsal and ventral habitus of Neotriplax guangxiensis Liu and Li, sp. nov. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view, scales: 1 mm (A).
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