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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38745920/
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. 2024 Apr 30:15:1381056.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1381056. eCollection 2024.

Identification and characterization of ACR gene family in maize for salt stress tolerance

Hui Fang #  1 , Tingyu Shan #  1 , Haijing Gu #  1 , Junyu Chen  1 , Yingxiao Qi  1 , Yexiong Li  1 , Muhammad Saeed  2 , Jinchao Yuan  3 , Ping Li  1 , Baohua Wang  1
Affiliations

Identification and characterization of ACR gene family in maize for salt stress tolerance

Hui Fang et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Background: Members of the ACR gene family are commonly involved in various physiological processes, including amino acid metabolism and stress responses. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the study of ACR genes in plants. However, little is known about their characteristics and function in maize.

Methods: In this study, ACR genes were identified from the maize genome, and their molecular characteristics, gene structure, gene evolution, gene collinearity analysis, cis-acting elements were analyzed. qRT-PCR technology was used to verify the expression patterns of the ZmACR gene family in different tissues under salt stress. In addition, Ectopic expression technique of ZmACR5 in Arabidopsis thaliana was utilized to identify its role in response to salt stress.

Results: A total of 28 ZmACR genes were identified, and their molecular characteristics were extensively described. Two gene pairs arising from segmented replication events were detected in maize, and 18 collinear gene pairs were detected between maize and 3 other species. Through phylogenetic analysis, three subgroups were revealed, demonstrating distinct divergence between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Analysis of ZmACR cis-acting elements revealed the optional involvement of ZmACR genes in light response, hormone response and stress resistance. Expression analysis of 8 ZmACR genes under salt treatment clearly revealed their role in the response to salt stress. Ectopic overexpression of ZmACR5 in Arabidopsis notably reduced salt tolerance compared to that of the wild type under salt treatment, suggesting that ZmACR5 has a negative role in the response to salt stress.

Conclusion: Taken together, these findings confirmed the involvement of ZmACR genes in regulating salt stress and contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular function of ACR genes in maize, facilitating further research in this field.

Keywords: ACR gene family; Zea mays; ectopic overexpression; expression patterns; salt stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The phylogenetic tree of ACR proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, sorghum and maize. The picture represents the phylogenetic tree as constructed using amino acid (AA) sequences based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) method where the number on the node represented the bootstrap values. These proteins were clustered into three groups represented by different colors, with each subgroup marked outside the circle as I, II and III. Zm: maize; Os: Oryza sativa; the others: sorghum.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interchromosomal relationships of ZmACR genes and collinearity analysis in maize, Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum. (A) Interchromosomal relationships of ZmACR genes. Grey lines indicate all syntenic blocks in the maize B73 genome. Red lines indicate collinear blocks of ZmACR genes in the maize genome. (B) Collinearity of ACR genes between maize and Arabidopsis. (C) Collinearity of ACR genes between maize and rice. (D) Collinearity of ACR genes between maize and sorghum. Red lines indicate orthologous ACR genes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Subcellular localization of ZmACRs in tobacco leaf epidermal cells determined via confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The GFP fluorescence of 4 selected ZmACR fusion proteins, marker fluorescence, bright field and merged images were shown from left to right.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Expression profiles of ZmACR genes in maize different tissues. Em indicates the embryo; Em10, Em20 and Em30 indicate that embryo samples were taken 10, 20 and 30 days after pollination, respectively. En represents endosperm; En10, En20 and En30 represent that the endosperm samples were taken 10, 20 and 30 days after pollination, respectively. Seed samples S10, S20 and S30 were taken 10, 20 and 30 days after pollination, respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
qRT-PCR analysis of ZmACRs under salt treatment (250 mmol/L NaCl solution). Data represent mean ± standard error (SE) of three biological replicates. *, **, *** and ****, represent significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively. ‘ns’ means not significant. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the differences in the relative expression of ZmACR genes between the salt treatment and control groups.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Phenotypes of wild type, OE1 and OE2 plants of ZmACR5 in response to salt stress. (A) Salt tolerance in wild type, OE1 and OE2 plants at 100 mmol/L NaCl concentration. (B) Salt tolerance in wild type, OE1 and OE2 plants at 150 mmol/L NaCl concentration. (C) Measurement of fresh and dry weight of the above-ground plants, leaf length and width of wild type, OE1 and OE2 plants under control, 100mmol/L and 150 mmol/L NaCl concentrations. Bar, mean±SE, cm.
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Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101730), and Science and Technology Project of Qidong City (202301).

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