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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38662725/
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. 2024 Apr 25;19(4):e0301373.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301373. eCollection 2024.

Water intake and obesity: By amount, timing, and perceived temperature of drinking water

Jaewon Khil  1 , Qiao-Yi Chen  1 , Dong Hoon Lee  2   3 , Kyung-Won Hong  4 , NaNa Keum  1   3
Affiliations

Water intake and obesity: By amount, timing, and perceived temperature of drinking water

Jaewon Khil et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Water intake has been suggested to be associated with weight control, but evidence for optimal water intake in terms of amount, timing, and temperature is sparse. Additionally, genetic predisposition to obesity, which affects satiety and energy expenditure, might interact with water intake in regulating individual adiposity risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting 172 Korean adults. Information on water intake and lifestyle factors was collected through self-reported questionnaires, and height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured by researchers. The oral buccal swab was performed for genotyping of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, BDNF rs6265 and genetic risk of obesity was calculated. Linear regression was performed to estimate mean difference in body mass index (BMI) and WC by water intake and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). As a sensitivity analysis, logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) of obesity/overweight (BMI of ≥23kg/m2; WC of ≥90cm for men and of ≥80cm for women) and its 95% CI. Drinking >1L/day was significantly associated with higher BMI (mean difference: 0.90, 95% CI 0.09, 1.72) and WC (mean difference: 3.01, 95% CI 0.62, 5.41) compared with drinking ≤1L/day. Independent of total water intake, drinking before bedtime was significantly associated with lower BMI (mean difference: -0.98, 95% CI -1.91, -0.05). The results remained consistent when continuous BMI and WC were analyzed as categorical outcomes. By perceived temperature, drinking >1L/day of cold water was associated with higher BMI and WC compared with drinking ≤1L/day of water at room-temperature. By genetic predisposition to obesity, a positive association between water intake and WC was confined to participants with low genetic risk of obesity (P interaction = 0.04). In conclusion, amount, timing, and perceived temperature of water intake may be associated with adiposity risk and the associations might vary according to genetic predisposition to obesity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The study sponsors had no role in the study design, the data collection, analysis, and interpretation, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Joint association between total daily water intake and BMI according to perceived water temperature.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Joint association between total daily water intake and WC according to perceived water temperature.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Association between total daily water intake and BMI according to genetic disposition to obesity.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Association between total daily water intake and WC according to genetic disposition to obesity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

JK and QYC received grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (the BK21 Plus Education Program). NK was supported by funding from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1C1B6008822). DHL was supported by the Yonsei University Research Fund (2023-22-0159). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.