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Review
. 2023 Nov 8;6(12):1801-1816.
doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00216. eCollection 2023 Dec 8.

Role of Immunological Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Disease and Associated Pathways

Ram Aasarey  1 , Kajal Yadav  2 , Brijendra Kumar Kashyap  3 , Sarit Prabha  4 , Pramod Kumar  5 , Anil Kumar  6 , Janne Ruokolainen  7 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari  7   8
Affiliations
Review

Role of Immunological Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Disease and Associated Pathways

Ram Aasarey et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. .

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the predominant causes of cancer-related mortality across the globe. It is attributed to obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and infection by the hepatitis virus. Early diagnosis of HCC is essential, and local treatments such as surgical excision and percutaneous ablation are effective. Palliative systemic therapy, primarily with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib, is used in advanced cases. However, the prognosis for advanced HCC remains poor. This Review additionally describes the pathophysiological mechanisms of HCC, which include aberrant molecular signaling, genomic instability, persistent inflammation, and the paradoxical position of the immune system in promoting and suppressing HCC. The paper concludes by discussing the growing body of research on the relationship between mitochondria and HCC, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the progression of HCC. This Review focuses on immunological interactions between different mechanisms of HCC progression, including obesity, viral infection, and alcohol consumption.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Major risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including viral infections such as HBV and HCV, diabetes, obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions, alcohol consumption (30 g/day for males and 20 g/day for females), and environmental toxins such as aflatoxin-B1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Drugs employed to treat advanced stages of HCC in primary and secondary care settings. Primary care medicines are the first-line therapy used when advanced HCC is diagnosed. Secondary care medicines are used when the first treatments are no longer effective or the disease develops following an initial response (PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Immunological pathways associated with different risk factors in HCC progression, which are crucial for the development of targeted therapies and interventions to prevent or treat liver cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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