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Review
. 2023 May 24;5(5):CD000031.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000031.pub6.

Antidepressants for smoking cessation

Anisa Hajizadeh  1 , Seth Howes  1 , Annika Theodoulou  1 , Elias Klemperer  2 , Jamie Hartmann-Boyce  1 , Jonathan Livingstone-Banks  1 , Nicola Lindson  1
Affiliations
Review

Antidepressants for smoking cessation

Anisa Hajizadeh et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract
in English, Spanish, Russian

Background: The pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of antidepressants are varied. However, there are common reasons why they might help people to stop smoking tobacco: nicotine withdrawal can produce short-term low mood that antidepressants may relieve; and some antidepressants may have a specific effect on neural pathways or receptors that underlie nicotine addiction.

Objectives: To assess the evidence for the efficacy, harms, and tolerability of medications with antidepressant properties in assisting long-term tobacco smoking cessation in people who smoke cigarettes.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, most recently on 29 April 2022.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people who smoked, comparing antidepressant medications with placebo or no pharmacological treatment, an alternative pharmacotherapy, or the same medication used differently. We excluded trials with fewer than six months of follow-up from efficacy analyses. We included trials with any follow-up length for our analyses of harms.

Data collection and analysis: We extracted data and assessed risk of bias using standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcome measure was smoking cessation after at least six months' follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence available in each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Our secondary outcomes were harms and tolerance outcomes, including adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), psychiatric AEs, seizures, overdoses, suicide attempts, death by suicide, all-cause mortality, and trial dropouts due to treatment. We carried out meta-analyses where appropriate.

Main results: We included a total of 124 studies (48,832 participants) in this review, with 10 new studies added to this update version. Most studies recruited adults from the community or from smoking cessation clinics; four studies focused on adolescents (with participants between 12 and 21 years old). We judged 34 studies to be at high risk of bias; however, restricting analyses only to studies at low or unclear risk of bias did not change clinical interpretation of the results. There was high-certainty evidence that bupropion increased smoking cessation rates when compared to placebo or no pharmacological treatment (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.72; I2 = 16%; 50 studies, 18,577 participants). There was moderate-certainty evidence that a combination of bupropion and varenicline may have resulted in superior quit rates to varenicline alone (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.55; I2 = 15%; 3 studies, 1057 participants). However, there was insufficient evidence to establish whether a combination of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) resulted in superior quit rates to NRT alone (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.44; I2 = 43%; 15 studies, 4117 participants; low-certainty evidence). There was moderate-certainty evidence that participants taking bupropion were more likely to report SAEs than those taking placebo or no pharmacological treatment. However, results were imprecise and the CI also encompassed no difference (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.48; I2 = 0%; 23 studies, 10,958 participants). Results were also imprecise when comparing SAEs between people randomised to a combination of bupropion and NRT versus NRT alone (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.26 to 8.89; I2 = 0%; 4 studies, 657 participants) and randomised to bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.42; I2 = 0%; 5 studies, 1268 participants). In both cases, we judged evidence to be of low certainty. There was high-certainty evidence that bupropion resulted in more trial dropouts due to AEs than placebo or no pharmacological treatment (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.65; I2 = 2%; 25 studies, 12,346 participants). However, there was insufficient evidence that bupropion combined with NRT versus NRT alone (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.92; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, 737 participants) or bupropion combined with varenicline versus varenicline alone (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.45; I2 = 0%; 4 studies, 1230 participants) had an impact on the number of dropouts due to treatment. In both cases, imprecision was substantial (we judged the evidence to be of low certainty for both comparisons). Bupropion resulted in inferior smoking cessation rates to varenicline (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.80; I2 = 0%; 9 studies, 7564 participants), and to combination NRT (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.98; I2 = 0%; 2 studies; 720 participants). However, there was no clear evidence of a difference in efficacy between bupropion and single-form NRT (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.13; I2 = 0%; 10 studies, 7613 participants). We also found evidence that nortriptyline aided smoking cessation when compared with placebo (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.78; I2 = 16%; 6 studies, 975 participants), and some evidence that bupropion resulted in superior quit rates to nortriptyline (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.82; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, 417 participants), although this result was subject to imprecision. Findings were sparse and inconsistent as to whether antidepressants, primarily bupropion and nortriptyline, had a particular benefit for people with current or previous depression.

Authors' conclusions: There is high-certainty evidence that bupropion can aid long-term smoking cessation. However, bupropion may increase SAEs (moderate-certainty evidence when compared to placebo/no pharmacological treatment). There is high-certainty evidence that people taking bupropion are more likely to discontinue treatment compared with people receiving placebo or no pharmacological treatment. Nortriptyline also appears to have a beneficial effect on smoking quit rates relative to placebo, although bupropion may be more effective. Evidence also suggests that bupropion may be as successful as single-form NRT in helping people to quit smoking, but less effective than combination NRT and varenicline. In most cases, a paucity of data made it difficult to draw conclusions regarding harms and tolerability. Further studies investigating the efficacy of bupropion versus placebo are unlikely to change our interpretation of the effect, providing no clear justification for pursuing bupropion for smoking cessation over other licensed smoking cessation treatments; namely, NRT and varenicline. However, it is important that future studies of antidepressants for smoking cessation measure and report on harms and tolerability.

Antecedentes: Los perfiles farmacológicos y los mecanismos de los antidepresivos son variados. Sin embargo, existen varios motivos por los que podrían ayudar a las personas a abandonar el tabaquismo: la abstinencia de nicotina puede producir un estado de ánimo bajo a corto plazo que los antidepresivos pueden aliviar; y algunos antidepresivos pueden tener un efecto específico sobre las vías o receptores neuronales que subyacen a la adicción a la nicotina.

Objetivos: Evaluar la evidencia de la eficacia, los efectos perjudiciales y la tolerabilidad de los fármacos con propiedades antidepresivas para ayudar en el abandono del hábito de fumar a largo plazo en personas que fuman cigarrillos. MÉTODOS DE BÚSQUEDA: Se realizaron búsquedas en el Registro especializado del Grupo Cochrane de Tabaquismo (Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group), la más reciente el 29 de abril de 2022. CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN: Se incluyeron los ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) en personas que fumaban, que compararon fármacos antidepresivos con placebo o ningún tratamiento farmacológico, una farmacoterapia alternativa o el mismo fármaco utilizado de forma diferente. Se excluyeron de los análisis de eficacia los ensayos con menos de seis meses de seguimiento. Para los análisis de los efectos perjudiciales se incluyeron ensayos con cualquier duración del seguimiento. OBTENCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS: Se extrajeron los datos y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo mediante los métodos Cochrane estándar. El desenlace principal de esta revisión fue el abandono del hábito de fumar tras al menos seis meses de seguimiento. Se utilizó la definición más rigurosa de abstinencia disponible en cada ensayo, y las tasas bioquímicamente validadas, si estaban disponibles. Los desenlaces secundarios fueron los efectos perjudiciales y los desenlaces de tolerancia, incluidos los eventos adversos (EA), los eventos adversos graves (EAG), los EA psiquiátricos, las convulsiones, las sobredosis, los intentos de suicidio, la muerte por suicidio, la mortalidad por todas las causas y los abandonos del ensayo debidos al tratamiento. Cuando fue apropiado se realizaron metanálisis.

Resultados principales: En esta revisión se incluyó un total de 124 estudios (48 832 participantes) y se agregaron 10 estudios nuevos a esta versión actualizada. La mayoría de los estudios reclutaron adultos de la comunidad o de clínicas para dejar de fumar; cuatro estudios se centraron en adolescentes (con participantes entre 12 y 21 años). Se consideró que 34 estudios tenían un alto riesgo de sesgo; sin embargo, restringir los análisis solo a los estudios con un riesgo de sesgo bajo o incierto no cambió la interpretación clínica de los resultados. Hubo evidencia de certeza alta de que el bupropión aumentó las tasas de abandono del hábito de fumar en comparación con placebo o ningún tratamiento farmacológico (RR 1,60; IC del 95%: 1,49 a 1,72; I 2 = 16%; 50 estudios, 18 577 participantes). Hubo evidencia de certeza moderada de que una combinación de bupropión y vareniclina podría haber dado lugar a tasas de abandono superiores a las de la vareniclina sola (RR 1,21; IC del 95%: 0,95 a 1,55; I 2 = 15%; tres estudios, 1057 participantes). Sin embargo, no hubo evidencia suficiente para establecer si una combinación de bupropión y terapia de reemplazo de nicotina (TRN) dio lugar a tasas de abandono superiores a la TRN sola (RR 1,17; IC del 95%: 0,95 a 1,44; I 2 = 43%; 15 estudios, 4117 participantes; evidencia de certeza baja). Hubo evidencia de certeza moderada de que los participantes que tomaron bupropión tenían más probabilidades de notificar EAG que los que tomaron placebo o ningún tratamiento farmacológico. Sin embargo, los resultados fueron poco precisos y el IC tampoco abarcó diferencias (RR 1,16; IC del 95%: 0,90 a 1,48; I 2 = 0%; 23 estudios, 10 958 participantes). Los resultados también fueron poco precisos al comparar los EAG entre las personas asignadas al azar a una combinación de bupropión y TRN versus TRN sola (RR 1,52; IC del 95%: 0,26 a 8,89; I 2 = 0%; cuatro estudios, 657 participantes) y asignadas al azar a bupropión más vareniclina versus vareniclina sola (RR 1,23; IC del 95%: 0,63 a 2,42; I 2 = 0%; cinco estudios, 1268 participantes). En ambos casos, la evidencia se consideró de certeza baja. Hubo evidencia de certeza alta de que el bupropión dio lugar a más abandonos del ensayo debido a EA que el placebo o ningún tratamiento farmacológico (RR 1,44; IC del 95%: 1,27 a 1,65; I 2 = 2%; 25 estudios, 12 346 participantes). Sin embargo, no hubo evidencia suficiente de que el bupropión combinado con TRN versus TRN sola (RR 1,67; IC del 95%: 0,95 a 2,92; I 2 = 0%; tres estudios, 737 participantes) o el bupropión combinado con vareniclina versus vareniclina sola (RR 0,80; IC del 95%: 0,45 a 1,45; I 2 = 0%; cuatro estudios, 1230 participantes) tuvieran un impacto sobre el número de abandonos debidos al tratamiento. En ambos casos, la imprecisión fue sustancial (se consideró que la evidencia fue de certeza baja en ambas comparaciones). El bupropión produjo tasas de abandono del hábito de fumar inferiores a la vareniclina (RR 0,73; IC del 95%: 0,67 a 0,80; I 2 = 0%; nueve estudios, 7564 participantes) y a la TRN combinada (RR 0,74; IC del 95%: 0,55 a 0,98; I 2 = 0%; dos estudios; 720 participantes). Sin embargo, no hubo evidencia clara de una diferencia en la eficacia entre el bupropión y la TRN como monoterapia (RR 1,03; IC del 95%: 0,93 a 1,13; I 2 = 0%; 10 estudios, 7613 participantes). También se encontró evidencia de que la nortriptilina ayudó a dejar de fumar en comparación con el placebo (RR 2,03; IC del 95%: 1,48 a 2,78; I 2 = 16%; seis estudios, 975 participantes) y alguna evidencia de que el bupropión produjo tasas de abandono del hábito de fumar superiores a la nortriptilina (RR 1,30; IC del 95%: 0,93 a 1,82; I 2 = 0%; tres estudios, 417 participantes), aunque este resultado estuvo sujeto a imprecisión. Los hallazgos en cuanto a si los antidepresivos, principalmente el bupropión y la nortriptilina, tuvieron un efecto beneficioso particular en las personas con depresión actual o previa fueron escasos e inconsistentes.

Conclusiones de los autores: Hay evidencia de certeza alta de que el bupropión puede ayudar en el abandono del hábito de fumar a largo plazo. Sin embargo, el bupropión podría aumentar los EAG (evidencia de certeza moderada en comparación con placebo/ningún tratamiento farmacológico). Existe evidencia de certeza alta de que las personas que toman bupropión tienen más probabilidades de interrumpir el tratamiento en comparación con las que reciben placebo o ningún tratamiento farmacológico. La nortriptilina también parece tener un efecto beneficioso sobre las tasas de abandono del hábito de fumar en relación con el placebo, aunque el bupropión podría ser más eficaz. La evidencia también indica que el bupropión podría ser tan eficaz como la TRN sola para ayudar a las personas a dejar de fumar, pero menos que la TRN combinada con vareniclina. En la mayoría de los casos, la escasez de datos dificultó establecer conclusiones sobre los efectos perjudiciales y la tolerabilidad. Es poco probable que estudios adicionales que investiguen la eficacia del bupropión versus placebo cambien la interpretación del efecto, lo que no proporciona una justificación clara para seguir utilizando el bupropión para dejar de fumar frente a otros tratamientos autorizados para dejar de fumar; en particular, la TRN y la vareniclina. Sin embargo, es importante que los futuros estudios de antidepresivos para el abandono del hábito de fumar midan e informen sobre los efectos perjudiciales y la tolerabilidad.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ И АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ: The pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of antidepressants are varied. However, there are common reasons why they might help people to stop smoking tobacco: nicotine withdrawal can produce short‐term low mood that antidepressants may relieve; and some antidepressants may have a specific effect on neural pathways or receptors that underlie nicotine addiction. ЗАДАЧИ: To assess the evidence for the efficacy, harms, and tolerability of medications with antidepressant properties in assisting long‐term tobacco smoking cessation in people who smoke cigarettes. МЕТОДЫ ПОИСКА: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, most recently on 29 April 2022. КРИТЕРИИ ОТБОРА: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people who smoked, comparing antidepressant medications with placebo or no pharmacological treatment, an alternative pharmacotherapy, or the same medication used differently. We excluded trials with fewer than six months of follow‐up from efficacy analyses. We included trials with any follow‐up length for our analyses of harms. СБОР И АНАЛИЗ ДАННЫХ: We extracted data and assessed risk of bias using standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcome measure was smoking cessation after at least six months' follow‐up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence available in each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Our secondary outcomes were harms and tolerance outcomes, including adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), psychiatric AEs, seizures, overdoses, suicide attempts, death by suicide, all‐cause mortality, and trial dropouts due to treatment. We carried out meta‐analyses where appropriate. ОСНОВНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: We included a total of 124 studies (48,832 participants) in this review, with 10 new studies added to this update version. Most studies recruited adults from the community or from smoking cessation clinics; four studies focused on adolescents (with participants between 12 and 21 years old). We judged 34 studies to be at high risk of bias; however, restricting analyses only to studies at low or unclear risk of bias did not change clinical interpretation of the results. There was high‐certainty evidence that bupropion increased smoking cessation rates when compared to placebo or no pharmacological treatment (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.72; I 2 = 16%; 50 studies, 18,577 participants). There was moderate‐certainty evidence that a combination of bupropion and varenicline may have resulted in superior quit rates to varenicline alone (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.55; I 2 = 15%; 3 studies, 1057 participants). However, there was insufficient evidence to establish whether a combination of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) resulted in superior quit rates to NRT alone (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.44; I 2 = 43%; 15 studies, 4117 participants; low‐certainty evidence). There was moderate‐certainty evidence that participants taking bupropion were more likely to report SAEs than those taking placebo or no pharmacological treatment. However, results were imprecise and the CI also encompassed no difference (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.48; I 2 = 0%; 23 studies, 10,958 participants). Results were also imprecise when comparing SAEs between people randomised to a combination of bupropion and NRT versus NRT alone (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.26 to 8.89; I 2 = 0%; 4 studies, 657 participants) and randomised to bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.42; I 2 = 0%; 5 studies, 1268 participants). In both cases, we judged evidence to be of low certainty. There was high‐certainty evidence that bupropion resulted in more trial dropouts due to AEs than placebo or no pharmacological treatment (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.65; I 2 = 2%; 25 studies, 12,346 participants). However, there was insufficient evidence that bupropion combined with NRT versus NRT alone (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.92; I 2 = 0%; 3 studies, 737 participants) or bupropion combined with varenicline versus varenicline alone (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.45; I 2 = 0%; 4 studies, 1230 participants) had an impact on the number of dropouts due to treatment. In both cases, imprecision was substantial (we judged the evidence to be of low certainty for both comparisons). Bupropion resulted in inferior smoking cessation rates to varenicline (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.80; I 2 = 0%; 9 studies, 7564 participants), and to combination NRT (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.98; I 2 = 0%; 2 studies; 720 participants). However, there was no clear evidence of a difference in efficacy between bupropion and single‐form NRT (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.13; I 2 = 0%; 10 studies, 7613 participants). We also found evidence that nortriptyline aided smoking cessation when compared with placebo (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.78; I 2 = 16%; 6 studies, 975 participants), and some evidence that bupropion resulted in superior quit rates to nortriptyline (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.82; I 2 = 0%; 3 studies, 417 participants), although this result was subject to imprecision. Findings were sparse and inconsistent as to whether antidepressants, primarily bupropion and nortriptyline, had a particular benefit for people with current or previous depression. ВЫВОДЫ АВТОРОВ: There is high‐certainty evidence that bupropion can aid long‐term smoking cessation. However, bupropion may increase SAEs (moderate‐certainty evidence when compared to placebo/no pharmacological treatment). There is high‐certainty evidence that people taking bupropion are more likely to discontinue treatment compared with people receiving placebo or no pharmacological treatment. Nortriptyline also appears to have a beneficial effect on smoking quit rates relative to placebo, although bupropion may be more effective. Evidence also suggests that bupropion may be as successful as single‐form NRT in helping people to quit smoking, but less effective than combination NRT and varenicline. In most cases, a paucity of data made it difficult to draw conclusions regarding harms and tolerability. Further studies investigating the efficacy of bupropion versus placebo are unlikely to change our interpretation of the effect, providing no clear justification for pursuing bupropion for smoking cessation over other licensed smoking cessation treatments; namely, NRT and varenicline. However, it is important that future studies of antidepressants for smoking cessation measure and report on harms and tolerability.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00738595 NCT00507728 NCT00322205 NCT00666978 NCT00689611 NCT00307203 NCT00142831 NCT00086411 NCT00124683 NCT00141206 NCT00044434 NCT00330187 NCT00628225 NCT00143364 NCT00439413 NCT00304707 NCT00218647 NCT00006170 NCT01621009 NCT00344695 NCT00150241 NCT01621022 NCT00332644 NCT00018148 NCT00181818 NCT00894166 NCT00129272 NCT00261170 NCT00405912 NCT00722124 NCT00018174 NCT00129311 NCT00176449 NCT00063323 NCT00033592 NCT00087880 NCT00000457 NCT01875172 NCT00390923 NCT00770666 NCT00218231 NCT00104598 NCT00484692 NCT05205811.

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Conflict of interest statement

AH: none known.

EK: none known.

AT: none known.

SH: none known.

JH‐B: no relevant interests; has published opinions and been interviewed by media outlets about interventions relevant to this review; Editor for Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group.

JL‐B: no relevant interests; Managing Editor for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group (core infrastructure funding for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group is provided by the NIHR to the University of Oxford).

NL: Cancer Research UK (grant); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (grant); employed by the University of Oxford to work as a Managing Editor for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group (core infrastructure funding for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group is provided by the NIHR to the University of Oxford); Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (employment as Associate Lecturer for Cochrane UK); written pieces for The Conversation on the findings of Cochrane Reviews assessing the effects of treatments for smoking cessation ‐ these are evidence‐based and not based on personal opinion; received funding from Cancer Research UK and the NIHR (part of the NHS) which both have interests in people stopping smoking and run educational campaigns; in the latter case, provide treatment to encourage people to stop smoking; Managing Editor for Cochrane Tobacco Addiction and funded by the NIHR to carry out this role.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram for April 2022 search update
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, outcome: 1.1 Smoking cessation
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, outcome: 1.8 Serious adverse events
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Bupropion and NRT versus NRT alone, outcome: 2.1 Smoking cessation
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 2: Smoking cessation ‐ subgroup by level of behavioural support
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 3: Smoking cessation ‐ subgroup by mental health disorders
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 4: Adverse events
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 5: Psychiatric adverse events
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 6: Anxiety
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 7: Insomnia
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 8: Serious adverse events
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 9: Seizures
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 10: Overdoses
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 11: Suicide attempts
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 12: Death by suicide
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 13: All‐cause mortality
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Bupropion versus placebo/no pharmacological treatment, Outcome 14: Dropouts due to treatment
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 2: Adverse events
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 3: Psychiatric adverse events
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 4: Anxiety
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 5: Insomnia
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 6: Serious adverse events
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 7: Seizures
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 8: Suicide attempts
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 9: Death by suicide
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 10: All‐cause mortality
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 11: Dropouts due to treatment
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 2: Adverse events
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 3: Psychiatric adverse events
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 4: Anxiety
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 5: Insomnia
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 6: Serious adverse events
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 7: Seizures
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 8: Overdoses
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 9: Suicide attempts
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 10: Death by suicide
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 11: All‐cause mortality
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bupropion plus varenicline versus varenicline alone, Outcome 12: Dropouts due to treatment
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 1: Adverse events
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 2: Psychiatric adverse events
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 3: Serious adverse events
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 4: Seizures
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 5: Overdoses
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 6: Suicide attempts
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 7: Death by suicide
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 8: All‐cause mortality
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 9: Anxiety
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 10: Insomnia
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4: Harms analyses: effects of bupropion only across comparisons, Outcome 11: Dropouts due to treatment
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 2: Adverse events
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 3: Serious adverse events
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 4: Psychiatric adverse events
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 5: Anxiety
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 6: Insomnia
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 7: Seizures
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 8: Overdoses
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 9: Suicide attempts
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 10: Death by suicide
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 11: All‐cause mortality
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5: Bupropion versus varenicline, Outcome 12: Dropouts due to treatment
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 2: Adverse events
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 3: Psychiatric adverse events
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 4: Anxiety
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 5: Insomnia
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 6: Serious adverse events
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 7: Seizures
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 8: Overdoses
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 9: Suicide attempts
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 10: Death by suicide
6.11
6.11. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 11: All‐cause mortality
6.12
6.12. Analysis
Comparison 6: Bupropion versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Outcome 12: Dropouts due to treatment
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Bupropion versus nortriptyline, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Bupropion versus nortriptyline, Outcome 2: Insomnia
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Bupropion versus nortriptyline, Outcome 3: Serious adverse events
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Bupropion versus nortriptyline, Outcome 4: Dropouts due to treatment
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bupropion versus gabapentin, Outcome 1: Serious adverse events
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bupropion versus gabapentin, Outcome 2: Dropouts due to treatment
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 2: Anxiety
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 3: Insomnia
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 4: Serious adverse events
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 5: Overdoses
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 6: Suicide attempts
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 7: Death by suicide
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 8: All‐cause mortality
9.9
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9: Bupropion (different doses), Outcome 9: Dropouts due to treatment
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Bupropion (different durations), Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Nortriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Nortriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 2: Anxiety
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Nortriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 3: Insomnia
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11: Nortriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 4: Serious adverse events
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11: Nortriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 5: Dropouts due to treatment
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 2: Insomnia
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 3: Dropouts due to treatment
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Harms analyses: effects of nortriptyline only across comparisons, Outcome 1: Serious adverse events
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: Harms analyses: effects of nortriptyline only across comparisons, Outcome 2: Anxiety
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13: Harms analyses: effects of nortriptyline only across comparisons, Outcome 3: Insomnia
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13: Harms analyses: effects of nortriptyline only across comparisons, Outcome 4: Dropouts due to treatment
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Adverse events
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo, Outcome 3: Dropouts due to treatment
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) plus NRT versus NRT alone, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Adverse events
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 3: Psychiatric adverse events
16.4
16.4. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 4: Anxiety
16.5
16.5. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 5: Insomnia
16.6
16.6. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 6: Serious adverse events
16.7
16.7. Analysis
Comparison 16: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) versus placebo, Outcome 7: Dropouts due to treatment
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Venlafaxine versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Venlafaxine versus placebo, Outcome 2: Dropouts due to treatment
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Hypericum (St John's wort) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: Hypericum (St John's wort) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Serious adverse events
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18: Hypericum (St John's wort) versus placebo, Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality
18.4
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18: Hypericum (St John's wort) versus placebo, Outcome 4: Dropouts due to treatment
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Adverse events
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) versus placebo, Outcome 3: Insomnia
19.4
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) versus placebo, Outcome 4: Dropouts due to treatment
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Selegiline plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 1: Serious adverse events
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Selegiline plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 2: Dropouts due to treatment
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: EVT302 plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 1: Adverse events
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: EVT302 plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 2: Serious adverse events
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21: EVT302 plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus NRT alone, Outcome 3: Dropouts due to treatment
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: Fluoxetine (30 mg versus 60 mg), Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: Fluoxetine (30 mg versus 60 mg), Outcome 2: Dropouts due to treatment
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Lazabemide (100 mg versus 200 mg), Outcome 1: Serious adverse events
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: Lazabemide (100 mg versus 200 mg), Outcome 2: Anxiety
23.3
23.3. Analysis
Comparison 23: Lazabemide (100 mg versus 200 mg), Outcome 3: Insomnia
23.4
23.4. Analysis
Comparison 23: Lazabemide (100 mg versus 200 mg), Outcome 4: Dropouts due to treatment
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: Hypericum (St John's wort) (300 mg versus 600 mg), Outcome 1: Smoking cessation
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24: Hypericum (St John's wort) (300 mg versus 600 mg), Outcome 2: Adverse events
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) (800 mg versus 1600 mg), Outcome 1: Adverse events
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25: S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) (800 mg versus 1600 mg), Outcome 2: Dropouts due to treatment
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References

References to studies included in this review

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Blondal 1999 {published data only}
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Brown 2007 {published data only}
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Cinciripini 2018 {published data only}
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Collins 2004 {published data only}
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Covey 2002 {published data only}
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Cox 2012 {published data only}
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Da Costa 2002 {published data only}
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Dalsgarð 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dalsgarð OJ, Hansen NC, Søes-Petersen U, Evald T, Høegholm A, Barber J, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial of bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets as an aid to smoking cessation in hospital employees. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004;6:55-61. - PubMed
    1. Dalsgarð OJ, Vestbo J. A multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6 month trial to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (SR) tablets as treatment for nicotine dependency in healthcare workers and as an aid to smoking cessation (ZYB30009). Poster and oral presentation. In: European Congress on Tobacco or Health; 2002 June 20-22; Warsaw, Poland. 2002.
Ebbert 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ebbert JO, Hatsukami DK, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Allen SS, Hays JT, et al. Combination varenicline and bupropion SR for tobacco-dependence treatment in cigarette smokers: a randomized trial. JAMA 2014;311(2):155-63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hong AS, Elrashidi MY, Schroeder DR, Ebbert JO. Depressive symptoms among patients receiving varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2015;52:78-81. - PMC - PubMed
Eisenberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Benowitz NL, Prochaska JJ. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;61(5):533-5. 9400123000017824 - PubMed
    1. Eisenberg MJ, Grandi SM, Gervais A, Joseph L, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2011;27(5 Suppl 1):S344. 9400123000012454 - PubMed
    1. Eisenberg MJ, Grandi SM, Gervais A, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Rinfret S, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;61(5):524-32. 9400123000017546 - PubMed
    1. Filion KB, Grandi SM, Joseph L, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Pilote L, et al. The effect of bupropion on symptoms of depression among patients attempting to quit smoking post-myocardial infarction: the ZESCA trial. Circulation 2012;125 Suppl 10:P090.
    1. Grandi S, Filion K, Gervais A, Joseph L, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, et al. The effect of adherence to treatment on smoking abstinence in patients post-acute myocardial infarction. In: 61st Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, ACC.12; 2012 March 24-27; Chicago (IL). 2012:E1749.
Elsasser 2002 {published data only}
    1. Elsasser GN, Guck TP, Destache CJ, Daher PM, Frey DR, Jones J, et al. Sustained release bupropion in the treatment of nicotine addiction among teenage smokers (RP-32). In: Rapid Communication Poster Abstracts. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting; 2002 February 20-23; Savannah (GA). 2002.
Evins 2001 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Rigotti NA, Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Olm Shipman CM, et al. Two-year follow-up of a smoking cessation trial in patients with schizophrenia: increased rates of smoking cessation and reduction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004;65:307-11. - PubMed
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Evins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane M, Freudenreich O, Rigotti NA, Goff DC. Smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a double blind placebo controlled trial of bupropion SR added to cognitive behavioral therapy. Biological Psychiatry 2004;55:806.
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Deckersbach T, Freudenreich O, Culhane MA, Olm-Shipman CM, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;25:218-25. - PubMed
    1. Evins AE, Deckersbach T, Cather C, Freudenreich O, Culhane MA, Henderson DC, et al. Independent effects of tobacco abstinence and bupropion on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005;66:1184-90. - PubMed
Evins 2007 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane M, Birnbaum AS, Horowitz J, Hsieh E, et al. A placebo-controlled study of bupropion SR added to high dose nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia (POS2-104). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; 2006 February 15-18; Orlando (FL). 2006.
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane MA, Birnbaum A, Horowitz J, Hsieh E, et al. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bupropion SR added to high-dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2007;27:380-6. - PubMed
    1. NCT00307203. Safety and effectiveness of sustained release bupropion in treating individuals with schizophrenia who smoke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00307203 (first received 27 March 2006).
Evins 2008 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Alpert JE, Pava J, Petersen TJ, Farabaugh AH, Fava M. A double blind placebo controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and cognitive behavioral therapy in smokers with current or past unipolar depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30(Suppl 1):S91.
    1. Evins AE, Culhane MA, Alpert JE, Pava J, Liese BS, Farabaugh A, et al. A controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in adults with unipolar depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28:660-6. - PMC - PubMed
Fatemi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fatemi SH, Yousefi MK, Kneeland RE, Liesch SB, Folsom TD, Thuras PD. Antismoking and potential antipsychotic effects of varenicline in subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a double-blind placebo and bupropion-controlled study. Schizophrenia Research 2013;146(1-3):376-8. - PubMed
Ferry 1992 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ferry LH, Robbins AS, Scariati PD, Masterson A, Abbey DE, Burchette RJ. Enhancement of smoking cessation using the antidepressant bupropion hydrochloride. Circulation 1992;86(4 Suppl 1):I-671.
Ferry 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ferry LH, Burchette RJ. Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in non depressed smokers [Abstract]. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1994;13(4):249.
Fossati 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ferketich AK, Fossati R, Apolone G. An evaluation of the Italian version of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Psychological Reports 2008;102:687-94. - PubMed
    1. Fossati R, Apolone G, Negri E, Compagnoni A, La Vecchia C, Mangano S, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167:1791-7. - PubMed
Gariti 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gariti P, Lynch K, Alterman A, Kampman K, Xie H, Varillo K. Comparing smoking treatment programs for lighter smokers with and without a history of heavier smoking. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;37(3):247-55. 9400123000005384 - PMC - PubMed
George 2002 {published data only}
    1. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Bregartner TA, Feingold A, Rounsaville BJ, et al. A placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52:53-61. [9400123000002832] - PubMed
George 2003 {published data only}
    1. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Jatlow PI, Kosten TR, O'Malley SS. A preliminary placebo-controlled trial of selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation. Biological Psychiatry 2003;53(2):136-43. - PubMed
    1. Lara XD, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Kosten TR, O'Malley SS, George TP. Selegiline versus placebo for smoking cessation in nicotine dependent refractory smokers (PO2 02). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting; 2001 March 23; Seattle (WA). 2001:53. 9400123000002571
George 2008 {published data only}
    1. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Sacco KA, Weinberger AH, Dudas MM, Allen TM, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion combined with nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2008;63(11):1092-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Weinberger AH, Sacco KA. Sustained-release bupropion combined with transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia (SYM11C). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting; 2007 February 21-24; Austin (TX). 2007.
    1. Moss TG, Sacco KA, Allen TM, Weinberger AH, Vessicchio JC, George TP. Prefrontal cognitive dysfunction is associated with tobacco dependence treatment failure in smokers with schizophrenia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009;104(1-2):94-9. 9400123000005367 - PMC - PubMed
Gilbert 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gilbert DG, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert-Matuskowitz EA, Klein KP, Pergadia ML. Smoking cessation symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls-moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2019;27(6):536-51. - PMC - PubMed
Gonzales 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales D, Nides M, Ferry LH, Segall N, Herrero L, Modell J, et al. Retreatment with bupropion SR: results from 12-month follow-up (RP-83). In: Rapid Communication Poster Abstracts. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting; 2002 February 20-23; Savannah (GA). 2002.
    1. Gonzales DH, Nides MA, Ferry LH, Kustra RP, Jamerson BD, Segall N, et al. Bupropion SR as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers treated previously with bupropion: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2001;69:438-44. - PubMed
Gonzales 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:47-55. - PubMed
    1. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M. Varenicline effective for smoking cessation. Journal of Family Practice 2006;55(10):848-9. - PubMed
    1. Hays JT, Croghan IT, Baker CL, Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG. Changes in health-related quality of life with smoking cessation treatment. European Journal of Public Health 2012;22(2):224-9. - PubMed
    1. Hays JT, Leischow SJ, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Adherence to treatment for tobacco dependence: association with smoking abstinence and predictors of adherence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(6):574-81. 9400123000005608 - PubMed
    1. Jackson KC, Nahoopii R, Said Q, Dirani R, Brixner D. An employer-based cost-benefit analysis of a novel pharmacotherapy agent for smoking cessation. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 2007;49(4):453-60. - PubMed
Górecka 2003 {published data only}
    1. Górecka D, Bednarek M, Nowinski A, Puscinska E, Goljan-Geremek A, Zielinski J. Effect of treatment for nicotine dependence in patients with COPD [Wyniki leczenia uzaleznienia od nikotyny chorych na przewlekla obturacyjna chorobe pluc]. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 2003;71:411-7. - PubMed
Grant 2007 {published data only}
    1. Grant KM, Kelley SS, Smith LM, Agrawal S, Meyer JR, Romberger DJ. Bupropion and nicotine patch as smoking cessation aids in alcoholics. Alcohol 2007;41(5):381-91. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00044434. Bupropion as a smoking cessation aid in alcoholics. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00044434 (first received 30 August 2002).
Gray 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Gray KM, Upadhyaya HP. Assessment of nicotine dependence among adolescent and young adult smokers: a comparison of measures. Addictive Behaviors 2010;35(11):977-82. 9400123000005998 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Hartwell KJ, Lewis AL, Hiott DW, et al. Bupropion SR and contingency management for adolescent smoking cessation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2011;40(1):77-86. 9400123000005880 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Klintworth EM, Leinbach AS, Upadhyaya HP, et al. Bupropion SR and contingency management in adolescent smokers: main findings. In: College on Problems of Drug Dependence 71st Annual Meeting; 2009 June 20-25; Reno/Sparks (NV). 2009:74.
Gray 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Lewis AL, Klintworth EM, Upadhyaya HP. Varenicline versus bupropion XL for smoking cessation in older adolescents: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(2):235-9. - PMC - PubMed
Haggsträm 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haggsträm FM, Chatkin JM, Sussenbach-Vaz E, Cesari DH, Fam CF, Fritscher CC. A controlled trial of nortriptyline, sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: preliminary results. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006;19:205-9. - PubMed
Hall 1998 {published data only}
    1. Haas AL, Munoz RF, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Hall SM. Influences of mood, depression history, and treatment modality on outcomes in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2004;72:563-70. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Gorecki JA, Reus VI, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF. Belief about drug assignment and abstinence in treatment of cigarette smoking using nortriptyline. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(4):467-71. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Sees KL, Humfleet G, Hartz DT, et al. Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998;55:683-90. - PubMed
    1. Mooney ME, Reus VI, Gorecki J, Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nortriptyline in smoking cessation: a multistudy analysis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008;83:436-42. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Gorecki JA, Reus VI, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF. Belief about drug assignment and abstinence in treatment of cigarette smoking using nortriptyline. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(4):467-71. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet G, Maude-Griffin R, Reus VI, Munoz R, Hartz DT. Nortriptyline versus bupropion and medical management versus psychological intervention in smoking treatment (PA 5A). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting; 2001 March 23; Seattle (WA). 2001:31.
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Hartz DT, Maude-Griffin R. Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002;59:930-6. - PubMed
    1. Hall SM, Lightwood JM, Humfleet GL, Bostrom A, Reus VI, Munoz R. Cost-effectiveness of bupropion, nortriptyline, and psychological intervention in smoking cessation. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 2005;32:381-92. - PubMed
    1. Mooney ME, Reus VI, Gorecki J, Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nortriptyline in smoking cessation: a multistudy analysis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008;83:436-42. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Cullen J. Extended nortriptyline and psychological treatment for cigarette smoking. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161:2100-7. - PubMed
    1. Mooney ME, Reus VI, Gorecki J, Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nortriptyline in smoking cessation: a multistudy analysis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008;83:436-42. - PMC - PubMed
Hertzberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hertzberg MA, Moore SD, Feldman ME, Beckham JC. A preliminary study of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;21:94-8. - PubMed
Hilberink 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hilberink SR, Jacobs JE, Breteler MH, Vries H, Grol RP. General practice counseling for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to quit smoking: Impact after 1 year of two complex interventions. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;83(1):120-4. 9400123000005920 - PubMed
Hoch 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hoch E, Wittchen HU. Population health perspective on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial of different methods in primary health care (RPOS 3-71). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; 2006 February 15-18; Orlando (FL). 2006.
    1. Sonntag H, Hoch E, Jahn B, Spiegel B, Pfister H, Wittchen HU. Smoking cessation in primary care: implementation effectiveness and optimized allocation. Suchtmedizin in Forschung und Praxis 2003;5:137-41.
Holt 2005 {published data only}
    1. Holt S, Timu-Parata C, Ryder-Lewis S, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand. Thorax 2005;60:120-3. - PMC - PubMed
Hurt 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dale LC, Glover ED, Sachs DP, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Croghan IT, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation: predictors of successful outcome. Chest 2001;119:1357-64. - PubMed
    1. Glaxo Wellcome. Presentation for FDA approval of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation (10 December 1996). Dr J Andrew Johnston.
    1. Hayford KE, Patten CA, Rummans TA, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Croghan IT, et al. Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999;174:173-8. - PubMed
    1. Hurt RD, Glover ED, Sachs DP, Dale LC, Schroeder DR. Bupropion for smoking cessation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose response trial. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1996;15:137.
    1. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:1195-202. - PubMed
Johns 2017 {published data only}
    1. Johns DA. The efficacy of combination therapy with varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation. Annals of Oncology 2017;28 Suppl 2:6-8.
Jorenby 1999 {published data only}
    1. Durcan MJ, White J, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Rennard SI, Leischow SJ, et al. Impact of prior nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation efficacy. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;26:213-20. - PubMed
    1. Jamerson BD, Nides M, Jorenby DE, Donahue R, Garrett P, Johnston JA, et al. Late-term smoking cessation despite initial failure: an evaluation of bupropion sustained release, nicotine patch, combination therapy, and placebo. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23:744-52. - PubMed
    1. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340:685-91. - PubMed
    1. Nielsen K, Fiore MC. Cost-benefit analysis of sustained-release bupropion, nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. Preventive Medicine 2000;30:209-16. - PubMed
    1. Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston AJ, et al. Targeting smokers at increased risk for relapse: treating women and those with a history of depression. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5:99-109. - PubMed
Jorenby 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hays JT, Croghan IT, Baker CL, Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG. Changes in health-related quality of life with smoking cessation treatment. European Journal of Public Health 2012;22(2):224-9. - PubMed
    1. Hays JT, Leischow SJ, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Adherence to treatment for tobacco dependence: association with smoking abstinence and predictors of adherence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(6):574-81. 9400123000005608 - PubMed
    1. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:56-63. - PubMed
    1. King DP, Paciga S, Pickering E, Benowitz NL, Bierut LJ, Conti DV, et al. Smoking cessation pharmacogenetics: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37(3):641-50. 9400123000012713 - PMC - PubMed
    1. West R, Baker CL, Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG. Effect of varenicline and bupropion SR on craving, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and rewarding effects of smoking during a quit attempt. Psychopharmacology 2008;197(3):371-7. - PubMed
Kahn 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kahn R, Gorgon L, Jones K, McSherry F, Glover ED, Anthenelli RM, et al. Selegiline transdermal system (STS) as an aid for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(3):377-82. 9400123000014198 - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00439413. Selegiline for smoking cessation - 1. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00439413 (first received 23 February 2007).
Kalman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kalman D, Herz L, Monti P, Kahler CW, Mooney M, Rodrigues S, et al. Incremental efficacy of adding bupropion to the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in smokers with a recent history of alcohol dependence: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011;118(2-3):111-8. 9400123000011678 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Madden GJ, Kalman D. Effects of bupropion on simulated demand for cigarettes and the subjective effects of smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(4):416-22. 9400123000005651 - PMC - PubMed
    1. McGeary J. Predictors of relapse in a bupropion trial for smoking cessation in recently-abstinent alcoholics: Preliminary results using an aggregate genetic risk score. Behavior Genetics 2011;41(6):923. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Hayes JE, Palmer RH, Monti PM, Kalman D. Predictors of relapse in a bupropion trial for smoking cessation in recently-abstinent alcoholics: Preliminary results using an aggregate genetic risk score. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 2012;6(1):107-14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00304707. Effectiveness of bupropion for smokers recovering from alcohol dependence. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00304707 (first received 20 March 2017).
Karam‐Hage 2011 {published data only}
    1. Karam-Hage M, Strobbe S, Robinson JD, Brower KJ. Bupropion-SR for smoking cessation in early recovery from alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2011;37(6):487-90. 9400123000011679 - PMC - PubMed
Killen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg A, Hayward C, Varady A. Onset of major depression during treatment for nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors 2003;28:461-70. - PubMed
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg AF, Hayward C, Sussman L, Rothman M, et al. Nicotine patch and paroxetine for smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68:883-9. - PubMed
Killen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Robinson TN, Ammerman S, Hayward C, Rogers J, Samuels D. Major depression among adolescent smokers undergoing treatment for nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29:1517-26. - PubMed
    1. Killen JD, Robinson TN, Ammerman S, Hayward C, Rogers J, Stone C, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of bupropion combined with nicotine patch in the treatment of adolescent smokers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72:729-35. - PubMed
Killen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GM, Hayward C, Fong D, Lowenthal K, et al. Failure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapy. Addiction 2010;105(9):1660-8. 9400123000005871 - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01330030. Selegiline patch for treatment of nicotine dependence. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01330030 (first received 6 April 2011).
    1. Sarginson JE, Killen JD, Lazzeroni LC, Fortmann SP, Ryan HS, Ameli N, et al. Response to transdermal selegiline smoking cessation therapy and markers in the 15q24 chromosomal region. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015;17(9):1126-33. - PMC - PubMed
Kumar 2020 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2013/07/003830. A study to evaluate different strategies (medicine, enhanced counselling, standard counselling) for stopping smoking in TB patients in TB program in India. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2013/07/003830 (first received 23 July 2013).
    1. Kumar SR, Dolla C, Vasantha M, Menon PA, Venkatesan G, Venkatesan P. Strategies for smoking cessation (pharmacologic intervention versus enhanced motivation vs. standard motivation) in TB patients under treatment in the RNTCP, India - a cluster randomized trial. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 2020;67(1):8-14. - PubMed
Levine 2010 {published data only}
    1. Creswell KG, Cheng Y, Levine MD. A test of the stress-buffering model of social support in smoking cessation: is the relationship between social support and time to relapse mediated by reduced withdrawal symptoms? Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015;17(5):566-71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Levine MD, Cheng Y, Kalarchian MA, Perkins KA, Marcus MD. Dietary intake after smoking cessation among weight-concerned women smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2012;26(4):969-73. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Levine MD, Perkins KA, Kalarchian MA, Cheng Y, Houck PR, Slane JD, et al. Bupropion and cognitive behavioural therapy for weight-concerned women smokers. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(6):543-50. 9400123000005577 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Okun ML, Levine MD, Houck P, Perkins KA, Marcus MD. Subjective sleep disturbance during a smoking cessation program: associations with relapse. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(8):861-4. 9400123000011571 - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2008 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Jorenby DE, Lawrence DL, Shiffman S, Baker TB. A multi-level analysis of non-significant counseling effects in a randomized smoking cessation trial. Addiction 2010;105(12):2195-208. 9400123000005902 - PMC - PubMed
    1. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Lawrence DL, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Efficacy of bupropion SR and individual counseling among adults attempting to quit smoking (POS1-041). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting; 2004 February 18-21; Phoenix (AZ). 2004.
    1. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Lawrence DL, Jorenby DE, Shiffman S, Baker TB. Psychological mediators of bupropion sustained-release treatment for smoking cessation. Addiction 2008;103(9):1521-33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Lawrence DL, Jorenby DE, Shiffman S, Fiore MC, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of bupropion SR and individual smoking cessation counseling. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10:717-29. - PubMed
    1. McCarthy DE. Mechanisms of tobacco cessation treatment: Self-report mediators of counseling and bupropion sustained release treatment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2007;67(9-B):5414.
Minami 2014 {published data only}
    1. Minami H, Kahler CW, Bloom EL, Prince MA, Abrantes AM, Strong DR, et al. Effects of sequential fluoxetine and gender on prequit depressive symptoms, affect, craving, and quit day abstinence in smokers with elevated depressive symptoms: a growth curve modeling approach. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2014;22(5):392-406. - PMC - PubMed
Moreno‐Coutino 2015 {published data only}
    1. Moreno-Coutino A, Perez-Lopez A, Gallegos LV. Predictors of retention in a multicomponent treatment for smokers. Revista de Psiquiatria Clinica 2016;43(6):134-8.
    1. Moreno-Coutiño A, García-Anguiano F, Ruiz-Velasco S, Medina-Mora ME. Assessment of depressive symptoms in severe smokers with minimal-mild depressive symptomatology receiving pre-smoking abstinence for integrated treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Salud Mental 2015;38(6):433-9.
Muramoto 2007 {published data only}
    1. Best D. Bupropion assists with tobacco cessation in adolescents but relapse is high. Journal of Pediatrics 2008;152(5):738-9. 9400123000011733 - PubMed
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Myles 2004 {published data only}
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Angliss M, Mezzavia P, Lee L. Effectiveness of bupropion as an aid to stopping smoking before elective surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2004;59:1053-8. - PubMed
NCT00132821 {published data only}
    1. NCT00132821. Impact of smoking cessation on sleep - 5. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00132821 (first received 22 August 2005).
NCT00308763 {published data only}
    1. NCT00308763. Nicotine patch and bupropion to reduce smoking rates in younger, low-income, and minority individuals. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00308763 (first received 30 March 2006).
NCT00495352 {published data only}
    1. NCT00495352. The pharmacogenetic study, readiness to change, and pharmacological intervention for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00495352 (first received 3 July 2007).
NCT00578669 {published data only}
    1. NCT00578669. Sequential use of fluoxetine for smokers with elevated depressive symptoms. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00578669 (first received 21 December 2007).
NCT01406223 {published data only}
    1. NCT01406223. Mechanistic evaluations of pre-cessation therapies for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01406223 (first recieved 1 August 2011).
Niaura 2002 {published data only}
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Nides 2006 {published data only}
    1. NCT00150241. A seven-week dose-ranging study of CP-526,555 compared with placebo and zyban for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00150241 (first received 8 September 2005).
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Parsons 2009 {published data only}ISRCTN31302738
    1. EudraCT 2005-000662-39. A 2x2 phase II randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of NRT plus St John's wort versus NRT plus placebo in smoking cessation and to examine the efficacy of chromium nicotinate versus placebo in preventing weight gain while stopping smoking. SJW and chromium in smoking cessation. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2005-000662-39 (first received 4 October 2005).
    1. ISRCTN31302738. A 2 x 2 phase II randomised controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of St John's wort versus placebo in smoking cessation and the efficacy of chromium intake in preventing weight gain. isrctn.com/ISRCTN31302738 (first received 8 February 2006).
    1. Parsons A, Ingram J, Inglis J, Aveyard P, Johnstone E, Brown K, et al. A proof of concept randomised placebo controlled factorial trial to examine the efficacy of St John's wort for smoking cessation and chromium to prevent weight gain on smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009;102(1-3):116-22. 9400123000005315 - PubMed
Perkins 2013 {published data only}
    1. Perkins KA, Lerman C, Karelitz JL, Jao NC, Chengappa KN, Sparks GM. Sensitivity and specificity of a procedure for early human screening of novel smoking cessation medications. Addiction 2013;108(11):1962-8. - PMC - PubMed
Piper 2007 {published data only}
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Piper 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Asthana A, Johnson HM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking intensity and cessation on inflammatory markers in a large cohort of active smokers. American Heart Journal 2010;160(3):458-63. 9400123000005744 - PMC - PubMed
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Planer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Planer D, Lev I, Elitzur Y, Sharon N, Ouzan E, Pugatsch T, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(12):1055-60. 9400123000010561 - PubMed
Prochazka 1998 {published data only}
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Prochazka 2004 {published data only}
    1. NCT00018148. Combined nortriptyline and transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00018148 (first received 5 July 2001).
    1. Prochazka AV, Kick S, Steinbrunn C, Miyoshi T, Fryer GE. A randomized trial of nortriptyline combined with transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164:2229-33. - PubMed
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Qin 2021 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900021400. Individual tobacco cessation research based on nicotine metabolite ratio in smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900021400 (first recieved 19 February 2019).
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Richmond 2013 {published data only}
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Rigotti 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rigotti N, Thorndike A, Regan S, Pasternak R, Chang Y, McKool K, et al. Safety and efficacy of bupropion for smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease [abstract]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7:682. - PubMed
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Rose 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Adapting smoking cessation treatment according to initial response to precessation nicotine patch. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013;170:860-7. 9400107000001313 - PMC - PubMed
Rose 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Combination treatment with varenicline and bupropion in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm. American Journal of Psychiatry 2014;171(11):1199-205. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Combination varenicline/bupropion treatment benefits male NRT-nonresponders. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 19th Annual Meeting; 2013 March 13-16; Boston (MA). 2013:261.
Rose 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01806779. Combination bupropion/varenicline for smoking cessation in male smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01806779 (first received 7 March 2013).
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Combination varenicline/bupropion treatment benefits highly dependent smokers in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;19(8):999-1002. - PMC - PubMed
Rovina 2003 {unpublished data only}
    1. Gratziou C, Rovina N, Athanassa Z, Francis K, Evangelou E, Chiotis D, et al. Evaluation of prolonged bupropion treatment as an aid in smoking cessation [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(Suppl 38):611s.
    1. Rovina N, Gratziou C, Nikoloutsou I, Athanassa Z, Francis K, Roussos C. Ideal duration of therapy with bupropion HCL: comparison between short and long treatment. In: Abstract Book: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 5th European Meeting; 2003 November 20-22; Padua, Italy. 2003.
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Rovina 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rovina N, Nikoloutsou I, Katsani G, Dima E, Fransis K, Roussos C, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in actual clinical practice. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2009;3(6):279-87. 9400123000005487 - PubMed
Saules 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Saules KK, Schuh LM, Arfken CL, Reed K, Kilbey MM, Schuster CR. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in smoking cessation treatment including nicotine patch and cognitive-behavioral group therapy. American Journal on Addictions 2004;13:438-46. - PubMed
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Schepis 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Schepis TS, Warren KA, Rao U. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatment for adolescents and young adults (POS2-53). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; 2006 February 15-18; Orlando (FL). 2006.
Schmitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schmitz JM, Stotts AL, Mooney ME, Delaune KA, Moeller GF. Bupropion and cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in women. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(6):699-709. Erratum in: Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007; 9(7):785. - PubMed
Schnoll 2010 {published data only}
    1. Martinez E, Tatum KL, Weber DM, Kuzla N, Pendley A, Campbell K, et al. Issues related to implementing a smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes & Control 2009;20(1):97-104. 9400123000005109 - PMC - PubMed
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Selby 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register. Study No: ZYB40001. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week smoking cessation trial of Zyban (150 mg bid) in adult smokers previously treated with Zyban. ctr.glaxowellcome.co.uk-Summary-bupropion-IV_ZYB40001.pdf (accessed 23 August 2006).
    1. Selby P, Ainslie M, Stepner N, Roberts J. Sustained-release bupropion (Zybanr) is effective in the re-treatment of relapsed adult smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(7):A47.
    1. Selby P, Brands B, Stepner N. Retreatment with ZYban SR: 52 week follow-up of a Canadian Multicentre trial (POS3-63). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting; 2003 February 19-22; New Orleans. 2003.
    1. Selby P, Brosky G, Baker R, Lertzman M, Dakin P, Roberts J. Zyban is effective in the retreatment of relapsed adult smokers (PO4 68). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting; 2001 March 23; Seattle (WA). 2001:114.
Sheng 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sheng LX, Tang YL, Jiang ZN, Yao CH, Gao JY, Xu GZ, et al. Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in a Chinese sample: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(2):320-5. 9400123000018059 - PubMed
Siddiqi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dogar O, Jawad M, Shah SK, Newell JN, Kanaan M, Khan MA, et al. Effect of cessation interventions on hookah smoking: post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014;16(6):682-8. - PubMed
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Simon 2004 {published data only}
    1. Caplan BJ. The "bupropion for smoking cessation" trial from a family practice perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165:470. - PubMed
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Simon 2009 {published data only}
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Huggins J, Solkowitz S, Carmody TP. Sustained-release bupropion for hospital-based smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(6):663-9. - PubMed
Singh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Singh P, Kumar R. Assessment of the effectiveness of sustained release Bupropion and intensive physician advice in smoking cessation. Lung India 2010;27(1):11-8. 9400123000006043 - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2009 {published data only}
    1. Loh WY, Piper ME, Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Jorenby DE, et al. Should all smokers use combination smoking cessation pharmacotherapy? Using novel analytic methods to detect differential treatment effects over 8 weeks of pharmacotherapy. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(2):131-41. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Smith SS, McCarthy DE, Japuntich SJ, Christiansen B, Piper ME, Jorenby DE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in primary care clinics. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(22):2148-55. 9400123000005493 - PMC - PubMed
SMK20001 {unpublished data only}
    1. SMK 20001. A multi-center, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group, dose response evaluation of a new chemical entity (NCE) and Zyban (bupropion hydrochloride) sustained release (300mg/day) versus placebo as aids to smoking cessation. gsk-studyregister.com/en/trial-details/?id=SMK20001 (accessed 2 March 2020).
Sood 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00405912. St. John's wort for tobacco cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00405912 (first received 30 November 2006).
    1. Sood A, Ebbert JO, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Bauer B, Schroeder DR. A randomized clinical trial of St. John's wort for smoking cessation. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2010;16(7):761-7. 9400123000005770 - PMC - PubMed
Sood 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sood A, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Ehlers SL, Ebbert JO. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for smoking abstinence: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012;18(9):854-9. 9400123000015738 - PMC - PubMed
Spring 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carrington A, Doran N, Spring B. Fluoxetine moderates the association between trait-anxiety and smoking status following behavioral treatment for smoking cessation (POS4-81). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting; 2003 February 19-22; New Orleans (LA). 2003.
    1. NCT00113737. Fluoxetine as a quit smoking aid for depression prone. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00113737 (first received 10 June 2005).
    1. Spring B, Doran N, Pagoto S, McChargue D, Cook JW, Bailey K, et al. Fluoxetine, smoking, and history of major depression: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2007;75:85-94. - PubMed
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Stapleton 2013 {published data only}91464711
    1. Stapleton J, West R, Hajek P, Wheeler J, Vangeli E, Abdi Z, et al. Randomized trial of NRT, bupropion, and NRT plus bupropion for smoking cessation: effectiveness in clinical practice. Addiction 2013;108(12):2193-201. [DOI: 10.1111/add.12304] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Swan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Catz S, Jack LM, Swan GE, McClure J. Adherence to bupropion SR in a smoking cessation effectiveness trial (POS2-77). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; 2006 February 15-18; Orlando (FL). 2006.
    1. Jack LM, Swan GE, Thompson E, Curry SJ, McAfee T, Dacey S, et al. Bupropion SR and smoking cessation in actual practice: methods for recruitment, screening, and exclusion for a field trial in a managed-care setting. Preventive Medicine 2003;36:585-93. - PubMed
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Swanson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Swanson NA, Burroughs CC, Long MA, Lee RW. Controlled trial for smoking cessation in a Navy shipboard population using nicotine patch, sustained-release bupropion, or both. Military Medicine 2003;168:830-4. - PubMed
Tashkin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Patel MK, Tashkin DP, Kanner RE, Bailey WC, Buist A, Anderson PJ, et al. A multicenter evaluation of the effects of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets (Bup SR) versus placebo in a population of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PO130). In: 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; 2000 Aug 6-11; Chicago (IL). Vol. 1. 2000:118.
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Tidey 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT00136760. Contingent incentives plus bupropion for smoking in people with schizophrenia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00136760 (first received 29 August 2005).
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Tonnesen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bollinger CT, Gilljam H, Lebargy F, Spiegel PI, Edwards J, Hider A, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban) is effective and well tolerated as an aid to smoking cessation - a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22-26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):12s.
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Tonstad 2003 {published data only}
    1. McRobbie H, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (SR) is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease 12 month follow-up phase data (ZYB40014). In: Abstract and Presentation at European Respiratory Society meeting; 2002 September 14-18; Stockholm, Sweden. 2002.
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Urdapilleta‐Herrera 2013 {published data only}
    1. Urdapilleta-Herrera E, Pina-Rosales MF, Vargas-Rojas MI, Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores-Martinez R. Bupropion together with cognitive-conductual therapy (CBT) is an alternative for a long-term abstinence of smoking. European Respiratory Journal 2013;42(57):3347.
Uyar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Uyar M, Bayram N, Filiz A, Elbek O, Topçu A, Dikensoy O, et al. Comparison of nicotine patch and bupropion in treating tobacco dependence. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):388s.
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Wagena 2005 {published data only}
    1. Quaak M, Schayck Constant P, Postma Dirkje S, Wagena Edwin J, Schooten Frederik J. Genetic variants in the serotonin transporter influence the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline in smoking cessation. Addiction 2012;107(1):178-87. 9400123000013216 - PubMed
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Weinberger 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00593099. A preliminary study of sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in bipolar affective disorder. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00593099 (first received 14 January 2008).
    1. Weinberger AH, Vessicchio JC, Sacco KA, Creeden CL, Chengappa KN, George TP. A preliminary study of sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28(5):584-7. - PMC - PubMed
Weinberger 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Weinberger AH, George TP, Mckee SA. Differences in smoking expectancies in smokers with and without a history of major depression. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(4):434-7. 9400123000005996 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Mckee SA, George TP. Changes in smoking expectancies in abstinent, reducing, and non-abstinent participants during a pharmacological trial for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(9):937-43. 9400123000005825 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, Jatlow PI, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2010;107(2-3):188-95. 9400123000005586 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of selegiline for smoking cessation: Preliminary results (POS5-29). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 15th Annual Meeting; 2009 April 27-30; Dublin, Ireland.
    1. Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, Solorzano M, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of selegiline for smoking cessation (abstract 653). CPDD 71st Annual Meeting; 2009 June 20-25; Reno (NV).
Weiner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mann-Wrobel MC, Bennett ME, Weiner EE, Buchanan RW, Ball MP. Smoking history and motivation to quit in smokers with schizophrenia in a smoking cessation program. Schizophrenia Research 2011;126(1-3):277-83. 9400123000006008 - PubMed
    1. Weiner E, Ball MP, Buchholz AS, Gold JM, Evins AE, McMahon RP, et al. Bupropion sustained release added to group support for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a new randomized trial and a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2012;73(1):95-102. 9400123000011967 - PubMed
White 2005 {published data only}
    1. White WD, Crockford D, Patten S, el Guebaly N. A randomized, open-label pilot comparison of gabapentin and bupropion SR for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(5):809-13. - PubMed
Wittchen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wittchen HU, Hoch E, Klotsche J, Muehlig S. Smoking cessation in primary care - a randomized controlled trial of bupropion, nicotine replacements, CBT and a minimal intervention. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2011;20(1):28-39. 9400123000009843 - PMC - PubMed
Zellweger 2005 {published data only}
    1. Puska P, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider AE. Zyban is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population - a multi-country study. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd European Conference; 2001 September 19-22; Paris, France. 2001:45.
    1. Zellweger JP, Blaziene A, Astbury C, Hider A, Hogue S. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population - a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22-26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):166s.
    1. Zellweger JP, Boelcskei PL, Carrozzi L, Sepper R, Sweet R, Hider AZ. Bupropion SR vs placebo for smoking cessation in health care professionals. American Journal of Health Behavior 2005;29:240-9. - PubMed
Zhang 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT02146911. The MATCH (Medication Aids for Tobacco Cessation and Health) Study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02146911 (first received 26 May 2014).
    1. Zawertailo L, Mansoursadeghi-Gilan T, Zhang H, Hussain S, Le Foll B, Selby P. Varenicline and bupropion for long-term smoking cessation (the MATCH study): protocol for a real-world, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7(10):e10826. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang H, Mansoursadeghi-Gilan T, Hussain S, Veldhuizen S, Le Foll B, Selby P, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of bupropion and varenicline for smoking cessation using an internet-based delivery system: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (MATCH study). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2022;232:109312. - PubMed
Zincir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zincir SB, Kaymak E, Sunbul EA, Zincir N. Comparison of the effects of varenicline, bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation program [Vareniklin, bupropion ve nikotin yerine koyma tedavilerinin sigara birakma programini surdurme uzerine etkilerinin karsilastirilmasi]. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012;22 Suppl 1:S35.
    1. Zincir SB, Zincir S, Kaymak E, Sunbul EA. Comparison of the effectiveness of varenicline, extended-release bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy on the success and the maintenance of a smoking cessation program. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2013;23(3):224-30.

References to studies excluded from this review

Akbarpour 2010 {published data only}
    1. Akbarpour F, Rezaei O, Khodaie-Ardakani MR, Sheikhvatan M, Goodarzi H, Dolatshahi B. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bupropion for smoking abstinence and cognition improvement in schizophrenia. Minerva Psichiatrica 2010;51(4):263-9. 9400123000016548
Aryanpur 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aryanpur M, Hosseini M, Masjedi MR, Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Soori H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation methods in patients newly-diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infectious Diseases 2016;16:369. - PMC - PubMed
Banham 2010 {published data only}
    1. Banham L, Gilbody S. Smoking cessation in severe mental illness: what works? Addiction 2010;105(7):1176-89. - PubMed
Becker 2003 {unpublished data only}
    1. Becker B, Bock B, Carmona-Barros R. St. John's Wort oral spray reduces withdrawal symptoms during quitting smoking (POS4-82). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting; 2003 February 19-22; New Orleans (LA). 2003.
Berlin 2005 {published data only}
    1. Berlin I, Covey LS, Jiang HP, Hamer D. Lack of effect of D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A polymorphism on smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7:725-8. - PubMed
Bloch 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bloch B, Reshef A, Cohen T, Tafla A, Gathas S, Israel S, et al. Preliminary effects of bupropion and the promoter region (HTTLPR) serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) polymorphism on smoking behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2010;175(1-2):38-42. 9400123000005445 - PubMed
Bowen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bowen DJ, Spring B, Fox E. Tryptophan and high-carbohydrate diets as adjuncts to smoking cessation therapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1991;14(2):97-110. - PubMed
Brauer 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Brauer LH, Paxton DA, Stock CT, Rose JE. Selegiline and transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Conference; 2000 Feb 18-20; Arlington (VA) 2000.
Breitling 2008 {published data only}
    1. Breitling LP, Twardella D, Brenner H. High effectiveness of short treatment with bupropion for smoking cessation in general care. Thorax 2008;63:476-7. - PubMed
Brody 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brody AL, Mukhin AG, Shulenberger S, Mamoun MS, Kozman M, Phuong J, et al. Treatment for tobacco dependence: effect on brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38(8):1548-56. - PMC - PubMed
Carrão 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carrao JL, Moreira LB, Fuchs FD. The efficacy of the combination of sertraline with buspirone for smoking cessation. A randomized clinical trial in nondepressed smokers. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 2007;257:383-8. - PubMed
Chan 2005 {published data only}
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Chandrashekar 2015 {published data only}
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ChiCTR1900020676 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900020676. Study for acupoint catgut embedding compared with sustained-release bupropion for treating tobacco dependence. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900020676 (first received 12 January 2019).
Christenhusz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Christenhusz LC, Prenger R, Pieterse ME, Seydel ER, Van der Palen J. Cost-effectiveness of an intensive smoking cessation intervention for COPD outpatients. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(6):657-63. - PubMed
Cornelius 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Ehler JG, Jarrett PJ, Cornelius MD, Black A, et al. Double-blind fluoxetine in depressed alcoholic smokers. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1997;33:165-70. - PubMed
Cornelius 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cornelius JR, Perkins KA, Salloum IM, Thase ME, Moss HB. Fluoxetine versus placebo to decrease the smoking of depressed alcoholic patients [letter]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999;19:183-4. - PubMed
Covey 2007 {published data only}
    1. Covey LS, Botello-Harbaum M, Glassman AH, Masmela J, LoDuca C, Salzman V, et al. Smokers' response to combination bupropion, nicotine patch, and counseling treatment by race/ethnicity. Ethnicity & Disease 2008;18:59-64. - PubMed
    1. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Jiang H, Fried J, Masmela J, LoDuca C, et al. A randomized trial of bupropion and/or nicotine gum as maintenance treatment for preventing smoking relapse. Addiction 2007;102:1292-302. - PubMed
Croghan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Clark MM, Hurt RD, Croghan IT, Patten CA, Novotny P, Sloan JA, et al. The prevalence of weight concerns in a smoking abstinence clinical trial. Addictive Behaviors 2006;31:1144-52. - PubMed
    1. Croghan IT, Hurt RD, Croghan GA, Sloan JA. Comparing nicotine inhaler, bupropion and nicotine inhaler plus bupropion in treating tobacco dependence [abstract]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7:680-1.
    1. Croghan IT, Hurt RD, Dakhil SR, Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, et al. Randomized comparison of a nicotine inhaler and bupropion for smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2007;82:186-95. - PubMed
    1. Croghan IT, Hurt RD, Ebbert JO, Croghan GA, Polk Jr OD, Stella PJ, et al. Racial differences in smoking abstinence rates in a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial in the United States. Journal of Public Health 2010;18(1):59-68. 9400123000006023 - PMC - PubMed
Cropsey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cropsey KL, Jardin BF, Burkholder GA, Clark CB, Raper JL, Saag MS. An algorithm approach to determining smoking cessation treatment for persons living with HIV/AIDS: results of a pilot trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2015;69(3):291-8. - PMC - PubMed
Dalack 1995 {published data only}
    1. Dalack GW, Glassman AH, Rivelli S, Covey LS, Stetner F. Mood, major depression, and fluoxetine response in cigarette smokers. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;152:398-403. - PubMed
Dale 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Schroeder DR, Croghan IT, Rasmussen DF, Trautman JA, et al. Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine dependence in spit tobacco users: a pilot study. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2002;4(3):267-74. - PubMed
Dale 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Glover ED, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Severson HH, et al. Bupropion SR for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2007;90(1):56-63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thomas JL, Ebbert JO, Patten CA, Dale LC, Bronars CA, Schroeder DR. Measuring nicotine dependence among smokeless tobacco users. Addictive Behaviors 2006;31(9):1511-21. - PubMed
Edwards 1989 {published data only}
    1. Edwards NB, Murphy JK, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Doxepin as an adjunct to smoking cessation: a double-blind pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989;146(3):373-6. - PubMed
    1. Murphy JK, Edwards NB, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147(10):1353-7. - PubMed
EUCTR2005‐006189‐32‐AT {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2005-006189-32-AT. Clinical evaluation study: "Bupropion versus Psychodynamic mental training according to Dr. Grohs for smoke withdrawal" [Klinische Evaluierungsstudie: "Bupropion versus Psychodynamisches Mentaltraining nach Dr. Grohs zur Raucherentwohnung]. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2005-006189-32-AT (first received 1 February 2006).
Fatemi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fatemi SH, Stary JM, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross over trial of bupropion in smoking reduction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005;76(2-3):353-6. - PubMed
Frederick 1997 {published data only}
    1. Frederick SL, Hall SM, Sees KL. The effect of venlafaxine on smoking cessation in subjects with and without a history of depression. NIDA Research Monograph 1997;174:208.
Gawin 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gawin F, Compton M, Byck R. Buspirone reduces smoking [letter]. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989;46(3):288-9. - PubMed
Ghorbani Behnam 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ghorbani Behnam S, Mousavi SA, Emamian MH. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation compared to standard bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: a randomized sham-controlled trial. European Psychiatry 2019;60:41-8. - PubMed
Gifford 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gifford EV, Kohlenberg BS, Hayes SC, Pierson HM, Piasecki MP, Antonuccio DO, et al. Does acceptance and relationship focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of functional analytic psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy 2011;42(4):700-15. 9400123000012398 - PubMed
Glover 2002 {published data only}
    1. Glover ED, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CL, Hobbs G. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smokeless tobacco cessation. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;26(5):386-93. - PubMed
Gold 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gold PB, Rubey RN, Harvey RT. Naturalistic, self-assignment comparative trial of bupropion SR, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation treatment in primary care. American Journal of Addiction 2002;11(4):315-31. - PubMed
Grandi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Grandi S, Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ. The efficacy and safety of bupropion started in-hospital for smoking cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2011;124(21 Suppl 1):[no pagination]. 9400123000012459 [9400123000012459]
Grassi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grassi MC, Enea D, Ferketich AK, Lu B, Nencini P. A smoking ban in public places increases the efficacy of bupropion and counseling on cessation outcomes at 1 year. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(9):1114-21. 9400123000005435 - PubMed
Hall 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Robbins JA, Prochaska JJ. Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers. Addiction 2009;104(6):1043-52. 9400123000005370 - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, Reus VI, Prochaska JJ, Robbins JA. Using extended cognitive behavioral treatment and medication to treat dependent smokers. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101(12):2349-56. 9400123000011870 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Prochaska JJ, Hall SM, Humfleet G, Munoz RF, Reus V, Gorecki J, et al. Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: a randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(2):215-20. 9400123000004887 - PMC - PubMed
Hatsukami 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hatsukami DK, Rennard S, Patel MK, Kotlyar M, Malcolm R, Nides MA, et al. Effects of sustained-release bupropion among persons interested in reducing but not quitting smoking. American Journal of Medicine 2004;116:151-7. - PubMed
    1. Rennard S, Hatsukami D, Malcolm RE, Patel MK, Jamerson BD, Dozier G. Zyban (bupropion HCL SR) vs placebo as an aid to smoking reduction among smokers unwilling and unable to quit smoking (PO4 77). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting; 2001 March 23; Seattle (WA). 2001:117.
Hawk 2008 {unpublished data only}
    1. Hawk LW, Mahoney MC, Ashare RL, Rhodes JD, Oliver JA, Cummings KM, et al. Preliminary evidence of extinction of smoking behavior with bupropion (PA9-4). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting; 2008 Feb 26 - Mar 1; Portland (OR). 2008.
Hawk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hawk LW Jr, Ashare RL, Rhodes JD, Oliver JA, Cummings KM, Mahoney M. Does extended pre quit bupropion aid in extinguishing smoking behavior? Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015;17(11):1377-84. - PMC - PubMed
Hays 2001 {published data only}
    1. Abel GA, Hays JT, Decker PA, Croghan GA, Kuter DJ, Rigotti NA. Effects of biochemically confirmed smoking cessation on white blood cell count. Mayo Clinical Proceedings 2005;80:1022-8. - PubMed
    1. Cox LS, Patten CA, Niaura RS, Decker PA, Rigotti N, Sachs DP, et al. Efficacy of bupropion for relapse prevention in smokers with and without a past history of major depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2004;19:828-34. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Durcan MJ, Deener G, White J, Johnston JA, Gonzales D, Niaura R, et al. The effect of bupropion sustained-release on cigarette craving after smoking cessation. Clinical Therapeutics 2002;24:540-51. - PubMed
    1. Durcan MJ, Johnston JA, White J, Gonzales D, Sachs DP, Rigotti N, et al. Bupropion SR for relapse prevention: a "slips-allowed" analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior 2004;28(5):456-63. - PubMed
    1. Gonzales D, Bjornson W, Durcan MJ, White JD, Johnston JA, Buist AS, et al. Effects of gender on relapse prevention in smokers treated with bupropion SR. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;22:234-39. - PubMed
Hays 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hays JT, Hurt RD, Decker PA, Croghan IT, Offord KP, Patten CA. A randomized, controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for preventing tobacco relapse in recovering alcoholics. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(7):859-67. 9400123000005366 - PMC - PubMed
Hitsman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hitsman B, Pingitore R, Spring B, Mahableshwarkar A, Mizes JS, Segraves KA, et al. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy helps some cigarette smokers more than others. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychiatry 1999;67:547-54. - PubMed
    1. Hitsman B, Spring B, Borrelli B, Niaura R, Papandonatos G. Adherence to medication versus behavioral therapy as predictors of smoking cessation in combined treatment involving fluoxetine [abstract]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Conference; 2000 Feb 18-20; Arlington (VA) 2000.
Houtsmuller 2002 {published data only}
    1. Houtsmuller EJ, Stitzer ML. Selegiline effects on smoking and abstinence [abstract]. CPDD Annual Meeting; 1998 June 12-17; Scottsdale (AZ) 1998.
    1. Houtsmuller EJ, Thornton JA, Stitzer ML. Effects of selegiline (l-deprenyl) during smoking and short-term abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;163:213-20. - PubMed
Hurt 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hurt RD, Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Krook JE, Silberstein PT. Bupropion for relapse prevention after nicotine patch therapy [PA 5B abstract ]. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting; 2001 March 23; Seattle (WA). 2001:32.
    1. Hurt RD, Krook JE, Croghan IT, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, et al. Nicotine patch therapy based on smoking rate followed by bupropion for prevention of relapse to smoking. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21:914-20. - PubMed
Hussain 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hussain S, Zawertailo L, Busto U, Zack M, Farvolden P, Selby P. The impact of chronic bupropion on plasma cotinine and on the subjective effects of ad lib smoking: a randomized controlled trial in unmotivated smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2010;35(2):164-7. 9400123000005919 - PubMed
Ionescu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ionescu D, Carmen C. The combination of sertraline with buspirone for smoking cessation process - the effectiveness and adverse events. Toxicology Letters 2008;180(Suppl 1):S130.
Isgro 2015 {published data only}
    1. Isgro M, Doran N, Heffner JL, Bekman N, Wong E, Tibbs J. Type a/type b alcoholism predicts differential response to topiramate in a smoking cessation trial in dually-diagnosed men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2015;39(Suppl 1):76A.
Jacobs 1971 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs MA, Spilken AZ, Norman MM, Wohlberg GW, Knapp PH. Interaction of personality and treatment conditions associated with success in a smoking control program. Psychosomatic Medicine 1971;33(6):545-56. - PubMed
Kalman 2004 {unpublished data only}
    1. Kalman D, Engler P, Monti P. Preliminary findings from a pilot treatment study of smokers in early alcohol recovery (POS1-072). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting; 2004 February 18-21, Phoenix (AZ). 2004.
Khunrong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Khunrong P, Sittipunt C. Comparison of efficacy of varenicline and nortriptyline - short-term smoking cessation in outpatient setting. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48(60):4601.
Killen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GM Jr, Hayward C, Arredondo C, Cromp D, et al. Extended treatment with bupropion SR for cigarette smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(2):286-94. - PubMed
    1. Sarginson JE, Killen JD, Lazzeroni LC, Fortmann SP, Ryan HS, Schatzberg AF, et al. Markers in the 15q24 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster (CHRNA5-A3-B4) predict severity of nicotine addiction and response to smoking cessation therapy. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2011;156(3):275-84. 9400123000006100 - PubMed
Kotz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confrontational counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with previously undiagnosed mild to moderate airflow limitation: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2007;7:332. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. European Respiratory Journal 2009;33:754-62. - PubMed
Kras 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kras M, Stough C, Scholey A, Kure C, Camfield D. Hypericum perforatum, nicotine patches and combination hypericum perforatum/nicotine patches for smoking cessation. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;20:S608-9. 9400123000006088
Lawvere 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lawvere S, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Hyland AJ. St John's Wort for smoking cessation: twelve months post cessation. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting; 2005 March 20-23; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
    1. Lawvere S, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Kepner JL, Hyland A, Lawrence DD, et al. A Phase II study of St. John's Wort for smoking cessation. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2006;14(3):175-84. - PubMed
Li 2009 {published data only}
    1. Li J, Zhang T, Wang B, Li X. An efficacy analysis of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Zhongguo Xinyao Yu Linchuang Zazhi [Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies] 2009;28(3):231-4. 9400123000016534
Li 2019 {published data only}
    1. Li HY, He W. Comparative study of acupoint catgut embedding and bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets for tobacco dependence. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 2019;39(4):384-8. - PubMed
Miller 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miller H, Ranger-Moore J, Hingten M. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a pilot study [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189(6):S133.
Monuteaux 2007 {published data only}
    1. Monuteaux MC, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Wilson AM, Biederman J. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of bupropion for the prevention of smoking in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(7):1094-101. - PubMed
Mooney 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mooney ME, Poling J, Gonzalez G, Gonsai K, Kosten T, Sofuoglu M. Preliminary study of buprenorphine and bupropion for opioid-dependent smokers. American Journal on Addictions 2008;17(4):287-92. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sofuoglu M, Mooney M, Gonzalez G, Gonsai K, Poling J, Kosten T. Buprenorphine and bupropion combination for opioid-dependent smokers. In: 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 2006 June 17-22; Scottsdale (AZ). 2006.
Mooney 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mooney ME, Schmitz JM, Allen S, Grabowski J, Pentel P, Oliver A. Bupropion and naltrexone for smoking cessation: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2016;100(4):344-52. - PMC - PubMed
Naranjo 1990 {published data only}
    1. Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley Remus D, Sellers EM. Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1990;47:490-8. - PubMed
NCT00032084 {published data only}
    1. NCT00032084. S0002 - a program to quit smoking with or without bupropion in treating patients with stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer who have undergone surgery. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00032084 (first received 27 January 2003).
NCT00119210 {published data only}
    1. NCT00119210. Pilot study of bupropion for smoking cessation in postpartum non-breastfeeding women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00119210 (first received 13 July 2005).
NCT00136747 {published data only}
    1. NCT00136747. The effects of memantine and bupropion on acute, reinforcing, and conditioned effects of cigarettes - 1. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00136747 (first received 29 August 2005).
NCT00136786 {published data only}
    1. NCT00136786. Effect of memantine versus bupropion on smoking relapse in nicotine-dependent individuals - 3. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00136786 (first received 29 August 2005).
NCT00158171 {published data only}
    1. NCT00158171. Effectiveness of various smoking cessation therapies in reducing smoking in adolescents - 1. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00158171 (first received 29 August 2005).
NCT00248118 {published data only}
    1. NCT00248118. Efficacy and safety of bupropion for treatment of adolescent smoking. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00248118 (first received 3 November 2005).
NCT00320697 {published data only}
    1. NCT00320697. Smoking relapse prevention in schizophrenia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00320697 (first received 3 May 2006).
NCT00390923 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT00390923. Testing a full substitution therapy approach as treatment of tobacco dependence. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00390923 (first received 23 October 2006).
NCT00484692 {published data only}
    1. NCT00484692. Randomized trial of ultrashort psychotherapy vs sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00484692 (first received 3 May 2006).
NCT00580853 {published data only}
    1. NCT00580853. The effect of varenicline (Chantix) and bupropion (Zyban) on smoking lapse behavior. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00580853 (first received 27 December 2007).
NCT00670904 {published data only}
    1. NCT00670904. Randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered program for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00670904 (first received 2 May 2008). - PubMed
NCT00936299 {published data only}
    1. NCT00936299. Bupropion for ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00936299 (first received 10 July 2009).
NCT01850589 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

NCT03326128 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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Publication types

Associated data