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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36632481/
Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2022 Dec 14;9(1):veac117.
doi: 10.1093/ve/veac117. eCollection 2023.

Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression

Sharon E Kessler  1   2 , Kyriakos Tsangaras  2   3 , Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona  4 , Ute Radespiel  5 , Alex D Greenwood  2   6
Affiliations

Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression

Sharon E Kessler et al. Virus Evol. .

Abstract

Madagascar's flora and fauna have evolved in relative isolation since the island split from the African and Indian continents. When the last common ancestors of lemurs left Africa between 40 and 70 million years ago, they carried a subset of the viral diversity of the mainland population within them, which continued to evolve throughout the lemur radiation. Relative to other primate radiations, we know very little about the past or present viral diversity of lemurs, particularly mouse lemurs. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified two gammaretroviruses and three betaretroviruses in the genomes of four species of wild mouse lemurs. The two gammaretroviruses and two betaretroviruses have not previously been described. One betaretrovirus was previously identified. All identified viruses are present in both Lorisiformes and Lemuriformes but absent from haplorrhine primates. The estimated ages of these viruses are consistent with the estimated divergence dates of the host lineages, suggesting they colonized the lemur genome after the Haplorrhine-Strepsirrhine split, but before the Lorisiformes-Lemuriformes split and before the colonization of Madagascar. The viral phylogenies connect multiple lineages of retroviruses from non-lemur and non-Madagascar-native species, suggesting substantial cross-species transmission occurred deep in the primate clade prior to its geographic dispersal. These phylogenies provide novel insights into known retroviral clades. They suggest that the origin of gammaretroviruses in rodents or bats may be premature and that the Jaagsiekte sheep virus clade may be older and more broadly distributed among mammals than previously thought.

Keywords: Madagascar; Microcebus; betaretrovirus; endogenous retrovirus; gammaretrovirus; lemur evolution.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Photos of the four studied mouse lemur species: M. myoxinus, photo: G. Olivieri, 2003; M. murinus, photo: U. Radespiel, 2013; M. ravelobensis, photo: U. Radespiel, 2004; M. bongolavensis, photo: G. Olivieri, 2003.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Genomic structure of consensus sequence of identified ERVs. For each ERV consensus sequence, retrotector analysis identified LTRs that are illustrated with light blue, while retrotector identified proviral genes (Gag, Pro, Pol, and Env) that are illustrated in dark blue for the gammaretroviral sequences and in dark green for the betaretroviral sequences. Motifs identified using NCBI CDD for each ERV consensus sequence are illustrated in pink.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of gammaretroviral and betaretroviral majority rule consensus MicrocebusERV sequences compared with NCBI extracted sequences. SIV was used as an outgroup. MicrocebusERV gamma proviral sequences identified are highlighted in blue, while MicrocebusERV beta proviral sequences are in green. MicrocebusERV-1-2 is clustered in the same clade as RfRV and REV, while MicrocebusERV-1-1, recMicrocebus-1-1, and UrsusERV are clustered in the same clade. MicrocebusERV-2-1 lies in the same clade as JSRV sequences, MicrocebusERV-2-2 is in the same clade as Mouse Mammary Tumor virus and HERV-K ERVs, while MicrocebusERV-2-3 is located in the same clade as TvERV.
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