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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35024683/
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. 2021 Apr 22;1(3):100015.
doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100015. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Dermatology

Andrew P Fortugno  1 , Joshua R Bakke  2 , Abbas Babajani-Feremi  3   4 , Justin Newman  5 , Tejesh S Patel  2
Affiliations

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Dermatology

Andrew P Fortugno et al. JID Innov. .

Abstract

As a noninvasive imaging modality able to show the dynamic changes in neurologic activity, functional magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized the ability to both map and further understand the functional regions of the brain. Current applications range from neurosurgical planning to an enormous variety of investigational applications across many diverse specialties. The main purpose of this article is to provide a foundational understanding of how functional magnetic resonance imaging is being used in research by outlining the underlying basic science, specific methods, and direct investigational and clinical applications. In addition, the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in current dermatological research, especially in relation to studies concerning the skin‒brain axis, is explicitly addressed. This article also touches on the advantages and limitations concerning functional magnetic resonance imaging in comparison with other similar techniques.

Keywords: ASL, arterial spin labeling; BOLD, blood oxygenation level‒dependent; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The physiological origins of the signals behind BOLD contrast and ASL fMRI. As noted in the top half of the figure, an increase in blood flow of labeled protons when compared with that of the control labeling will result in the activation signal shown in ASL. In the lower half, a combination of increased blood flow, volume, and oxygenation increases the ratio of oxyhemoglobin-to-deoxyhemoglobin providing the changes in BOLD contrast. ASL, arterial spin labeling; BOLD, blood oxygenation level‒dependent; deoxy, deoxygenated; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The labeling process is a preliminary step in the ASL functional imaging protocol occurring at point 1 before blood enters the tissue of interest where the functional images are acquired at point 2. At point 1, radiofrequency energy can either be applied continuously or in pulses with varying frequency differentiating CASL, PCASL, and PASL. The radiofrequency pulses are applied in tandem with a magnetic field gradient in the direction of blood flow, resulting in inversion of proton spin as shown (Ferré et al., 2013). This experiment is then repeated without tagging with the control image acquired at point 2. ASL, arterial spin labeling; CASL, continuous arterial spin labeling; PASL, pulsed arterial spin labeling; PCASL, pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The brain networks that have significantly different connections between patients with psoriasis and healthy controls. (Reprinted from Najafi et al., 2020a with permission from John Wiley & Sons).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of intranasal butorphanol (1 mg) on cerebral activity analyzed in comparison with that of a placebo (0.9% intranasal saline). (a) Butorphanol extensively deactivated bilaterally an area situated between the insular cortex and putamen, which coincides with the anatomic location of the claustrum, while also deactivating the left insular cortex and the putamen. (b) The activations induced by histamine itch (red) are overlaid with the deactivations induced by butorphanol (blue vs. placebo), displaying a significant conjunction in the contralateral insula, claustrum, and putamen. (c) Overlay of the brain responses induced by histamine itch (red) and cowhage itch (green) and the deactivations induced by butorphanol (blue). x, y, z—MNI standard space coordinates. Z-score > 2.3; P < 0.05 (Reprinted from Papoiu et al., 2015 with permission from Elsevier). DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; S2, secondary somatosensory area; SFG, superior frontal gyrus.
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