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Selective Sparing of Striatal Interneurons after Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibition in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2017 Aug 2:11:61.
doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00061. eCollection 2017.

Selective Sparing of Striatal Interneurons after Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibition in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Emanuela Paldino  1 , Antonella Cardinale  1 , Vincenza D'Angelo  2 , Ilaria Sauve  1 , Carmela Giampà  1   3 , Francesca R Fusco  1
Affiliations

Selective Sparing of Striatal Interneurons after Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibition in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Emanuela Paldino et al. Front Neuroanat. .

Abstract

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are enzymes that catalyze ADP-ribose units transfer from NAD to their substrate proteins. It has been observed that PARP-1 is able to increase both post-ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal death. In fact, we have previously shown that, INO-1001, a PARP-1 inhibitor, displays a neuroprotective effect in the R6/2 model of Huntington's disease (HD). In this study, we investigated the effects of PARP-1-inhibition on modulation of phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) localization in the different striatal neuronal subsets. Moreover, we studied the neurodegeneration of those interneurons that are particularly vulnerable to HD such as parvalbuminergic and calretininergic, and of other subclasses of interneurons that are known to be resistant, such as cholinergic and somatostatinergic interneurons. Transgenic mice were treated with INO-1001 (10 mg/Kg daily) starting from 4 weeks of age. Double-label immunofluorescence was performed to value the distribution of CBP in ubiquitinated Neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) in the striatum. INO-1001-treated and saline-treated brain sections were incubated with: goat anti-choline acetyl transferase; goat anti-nitric oxide synthase; mouse anti-parvalbumin and mouse anti-calretinin. Morphometric evaluation and cell counts were performed. Our study showed that the PARP inhibitor has a positive effect in sparing parvalbumin and calretinin-containing interneurons of the striatum, where CREB was upregulated. Moreover, INO-1001 promoted CBP localization into the nuclei of the R6/2 mouse. The sum of our data corroborates the previous observations indicating PARP inhibition as a possible therapeutic tool to fight HD.

Keywords: CBP; Huntington’s disease; PARP-1 inhibition; calretinin; interneurons; neurodegeneration; pCREB; parvalbumin.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Double-label immunofluorescence for CREB-binding protein (CBP) and Neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs). The double label immunostaining was performed in Wt mice (A–C), INO-1001 treated Wt (D–F), vehicle treated R6/2 mice (G–I) and INO-1001 treated mice (J–L). CBP is labeled in red and NIIs in green. NIIs are not found in the WT groups (A,D). In (J) please observe the low density, reduced size and immunolabeling intensity of NIIs in R6/2 treated with INO- 1001, and the CBP expression pattern similar to Wt groups.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The effect of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor on NIIs size and intensity. Two-way ANOVA performed on data obtained by vehicle and INO-1001 treated R6/2 mice revealed a statistically significant effect of treatment on NIIs size and intensity. (A) Bonferroni analysis showed a significant decrease of NIIs size p < 0.001 (F(1,28) = 7.019; P = 0.0031) and intensity in mice treated with PARP-1 inhibitor respect to vehicle treated R6/2 p < 0.001 (F(1,28) = 4.96; P = 0.0060; Panel B).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of double-label immunofluorescence for PV (visualized in red-Cy3 fluorescence) and the Nissl-like fluorescent marker Neurotrace (visualized in green fluorescence) (A–D). Graphs show (E) the marked effect of INO-1001 administration in R6/2 mice striatal PARV neurons. Analyzed data revealed the significant effect of PARP-1 inhibitor (p < 0.0001) in promoting the parvalbumin-containing neurons protection. INO-1001 treatment had no effect in Wt mice. Densities of all interneuron subtypes markers were compared by means of two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni analysis (F(1,28) = 6.041; p = 0.0004). (E–F) Single-label diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride immunohistochemistry for PV in the dorsolateral striata of vehicle-treated (E) and INO-1001-treated (F) R6/2 mice. Graph (F) shows the statistically significant effect of INO-1001 daily administration on the most vulnerable striatal interneurons subtype in R6/2 mice.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of double-label immunofluorescence for CALR (visualized in red-Cy3 fluorescence) and the Nissl-like fluorescent marker Neurotrace (visualized in green fluorescence) (A–D). The graph (E) shows the marked effect of INO-1001 administration in R6/2 mice striatal CALR neurons. Analyzed data revealed the significant effect of PARP-1 inhibitor in promoting the calretinin-containing neurons protection. INO-1001 treatment had no effect in Wt mice. Densities of all interneuron subtypes markers were compared by means of two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni analysis (F(1,28) = 12.56; P = 0.0001).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Confocal images of double-label immunofluorescence for phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and Calretinin. pCREB is showed in green CY-2 fluorescence, Calretinin is labeled in red Cy-3 (A–D). Graph (E) shows the immunoreaction intensity relative to pCREB and Calretinin in each animal groups. A two-way ANOVA with genotype and treatment as main factors revealed that R6/2 mice had a significant impairment in pCREB expression levels in the Calretinin positive interneurons R6/2 compared to vehicle and INO-1001-treated wild-type (F(1,28) = 29.625; P = 0.0001). INO-1001 treatment restored pCREB expression in Calretinin-containing neurons in a genotype dependent fashion F(1,28) = 21.523; P = 0.0001.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Confocal images of double-label immunofluorescence for pCREB and Parvalbumin. pCREB is labeled in green CY-2 fluorescence, Parvalbumin in red Cy-3 (A–D). Graph shows the immunoreaction intensity relative to pCREB and Parvalbumin in the different experimental animal groups (E). pCREB content is lower in the vulnerable parvalbuminergic interneurons of saline treated R6/2 mice respect to R6/2 treated with INO-1001 (F(1,28) = 67.837; P = 0.0000) that increases pCREB and parvalbumin expression levels in a genotype dependent fashion (significant genotype × treatment interaction pCREB F(1,28) = 32.889; P = 0.0010; PARV F(1,28) = 57.123; P = 0.0000).
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