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Review
. 2017 Jun 30:8:110.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00110. eCollection 2017.

An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids

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Review

An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids

Jolanta B Zawilska. Front Psychiatry. .

Abstract

The abuse of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been increasing dramatically worldwide since late 2000s. By the end of 2015, more than 560 NPS had been reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Although the most popular compounds are synthetic cannabinoids and psychostimulatory derivatives of cathinone (so-called β-keto-amphetamines), novel synthetic opioids have recently emerged on the recreational drug market. They include fentanyl (a potent narcotic analgesic) and its analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, acryloylfentanyl, carfentanil, α-methylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl, 4-methoxybutyrylfentanyl, 4-chloroisobutyrylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl, tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl, cyclopentylfentanyl, and ocfentanil) and compounds with different chemical structures, such as AH-7921, MT-45, and U-47700. This survey provides an overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, and desired and unwanted effects of the above-listed novel opioids. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds.

Keywords: AH-7921; MT-45; U-47700; fentanyls; naloxone; novel psychoactive substances; opioids; toxicity.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structures of fentanyl and its analogs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structures of novel synthetic opioids.

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